{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T12:06:19Z","timestamp":1778673979492,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In sex determination, globally acting genes control a spectrum of tissue-specific regulators to coordinate the overall development of an animal into one sex or the other. In mammals, primary sex determination initially occurs in the gonad, with the sex of other tissues specified as a secondary event. In insects and nematodes, globally acting regulatory pathways have been elucidated, but the more tissue- and organ-specific downstream effectors of these pathways remain largely unknown. We focus on the control of sexual dimorphism in the C. elegans gonad. We find that the forkhead transcription factor FKH-6 promotes male gonadal cell fates in XO animals. Loss-of-function fkh-6 mutant males have feminized gonads and often develop a vulva. In these mutant males, sex-specific cell divisions and migrations in the early gonad occur in the hermaphrodite mode, and hermaphrodite-specific gonadal markers are expressed. However, sexual transformation is not complete and the male gonad is malformed. By contrast, fkh-6 mutant hermaphrodites exhibit no sign of sex reversal. Most fkh-6 hermaphrodites form a two-armed symmetrical gonad resembling that of the wild type, but differentiation of the spermatheca and uterus is variably abnormal. The function of fkh-6 appears to be restricted to the gonad: fkh-6 mutants have no detectable defects in extra-gonadal tissues, and expression of a rescuing fkh-6 reporter is gonad-specific. Genetic and molecular analyses place fkh-6 downstream of tra-1, the terminal regulator of the global sex determination pathway, with respect to the first gonadal cell division. We conclude that fkh-6 regulates gonadogenesis in both sexes, but is male specific in establishing sexual dimorphism in the early gonad.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,2]],"date-time":"2004-03-02T01:39:43Z","timestamp":1078191583000},"page":"1425-1436","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["A forkhead protein controls sexual identity of the<i>C. elegans<\/i>male somatic gonad"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Weiru","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota,321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street SE,Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Tilmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive,Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive,Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kara","family":"Thoemke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota,321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street SE,Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Finn-Hugo","family":"Markussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive,Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive,Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura D.","family":"Mathies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive,Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive,Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Kimble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive,Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive,Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Zarkower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota,321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street SE,Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashrafi, K., Chang, F. Y., Watts, J. L., Fraser, A. G., Kamath,R. S., Ahringer, J. and Ruvkun, G. (2003). Genome-wide RNAi analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans fat regulatory genes. Nature421,268-272.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01279"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bargmann, C. I. and Avery, L. (1995). Laser killing of cells in Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods Cell Biol.48,225-250.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-679X(08)61390-4"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barton, M. K. and Kimble, J. (1990). fog-1, a regulatory gene required for specification of spermatogenesis in the germ line of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics125,29-39.","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/125.1.29"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheah, P. Y., Chia, W. and Yang, X. (2000). Jumeaux, a novel Drosophila winged-helix family protein, is required for generating asymmetric sibling neuronal cell fates. Development127,3325-3335.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.15.3325"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, P. and Ellis, R. E. (2000). TRA-1A regulates transcription of fog-3, which controls germ cell fate in C. elegans. Development127,3119-3129.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.14.3119"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christiansen, A. E., Keisman, E. L., Ahmad, S. M. and Baker, B. S. (2002). Sex comes in from the cold: the integration of sex and pattern. Trends Genet.18,510-516.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(02)02769-5"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cline, T. W. and Meyer, B. J. (1996). Vive la difference: males vs females in flies vs worms. Annu. Rev. Genet.30,637-702.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.30.1.637"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF8","unstructured":"Conradt, B. and Horvitz, H. R. (1999). The TRA-1A sex determination protein of C. elegans regulates sexually dimorphic cell deaths by repressing the egl-1 cell death activator gene. Cell98,317-327."},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crisponi, L., Deiana, M., Loi, A., Chiappe, F., Uda, M., Amati,P., Bisceglia, L., Zelante, L., Nagaraja, R., Porcu, S. et al.(2001). The putative forkhead transcription factor FOXL2 is mutated in blepharophimosis\/ptosis\/epicanthus inversus syndrome. Nat. Genet.27,159-166.","DOI":"10.1038\/84781"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dauwalder, B., Tsujimoto, S., Moss, J. and Mattox, W.(2002). The Drosophila takeout gene is regulated by the somatic sex-determination pathway and affects male courtship behavior. Genes Dev.16,2879-2892.","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1010302"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Baere, E., Dixon, M. J., Small, K. W., Jabs, E. W., Leroy, B. P., Devriendt, K., Gillerot, Y., Mortier, G., Meire, F., van Maldergem, L. et al. (2001). Spectrum of FOXL2 gene mutations in blepharophimosis-ptosisepicanthus inversus (BPES) families demonstrates a genotype-phenotype correlation. Hum. Mol. Genet.10,1591-1600.","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/10.15.1591"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edgley, M. L. and Riddle, D. L. (2001). LG II balancer chromosomes in Caenorhabditis elegans: mT1(II;III)and the mIn1 set of dominantly and recessively marked inversions. Mol. Genet. Genomics266,385-395.","DOI":"10.1007\/s004380100523"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis, R. E. and Kimble, J. (1995). The fog-3 gene and regulation of cell fate in the germ line of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics139,561-577.","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/139.2.561"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erdman, S. E. and Burtis, K. C. (1993). The Drosophila doublesex proteins share a novel zinc finger related DNA binding domain. EMBO J.12,527-535.","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05684.x"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, H. B., Zhang, Y., Zhao, C. and Emmons, S. W.(1999). Patterning of Caenorhabditis elegans posterior structures by the Abdominal-B homolog, egl-5. Dev. Biol.207,215-228.","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1998.9124"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finley, K. D., Taylor, B. J., Milstein, M. and McKeown, M.(1997). dissatisfaction, a gene involved in sex-specific behavior and neural development of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA94,913-918.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.3.913"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF17","unstructured":"Fitch, D. H. A. and Thomas, W. K. (1997). Evolution. In C. elegans II (ed. D. L. Riddle T. Blumenthal B. J. Meyer and J. R. Priess), pp.815-849. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press."},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedman, L., Santa Anna-Arriola, S., Hodgkin, J. and Kimble,J. (2000). gon-4, a cell lineage regulator required for gonadogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Biol.228,350-362.","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9944"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, D. H., Winfrey, V. P., Blaeuer, G., Hoffman, L. H.,Furuta, T., Rose, K. L., Hobert, O. and Greenstein, D.(1999). Ultrastructural features of the adult hermaphrodite gonad of Caenorhabditis elegans: relations between the germ line and soma. Dev. Biol.212,101-123.","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1999.9356"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF20","unstructured":"Harfe, B. D., Branda, C. S., Krause, M., Stern, M. J. and Fire,A. (1998). MyoD and the specification of muscle and non-muscle fates during postembryonic development of the C. elegansmesoderm. Development125,2479-2488."},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hodgkin, J. (1987). A genetic analysis of the sex-determining gene, tra-1, in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Genes Dev.1, 731-745.","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1.7.731"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hodgkin, J. A. and Brenner, S. (1977). Mutations causing transformation of sexual phenotype in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics86,275-287.","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/86.2.275"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF23","unstructured":"Hodgkin, J., Doniach, T. and Shen, M. (1986). The sex determination pathway in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans:variations on a theme. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol.50,585-593."},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hope, I. A. (1991). `Promoter trapping' in Caenorhabditis elegans. Development113,399-408.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.113.2.399"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hope, I. A., Mounsey, A., Bauer, P. and Aslam, S.(2003). The forkhead gene family of Caenorhabditis elegans. Gene304,43-55.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(02)01175-7"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hubbard, E. J. and Greenstein, D. (2000). The Caenorhabditis elegans gonad: a test tube for cell and developmental biology. Dev. Dyn.218,2-22.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0177(200005)218:1<2::AID-DVDY2>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunter, C. P. and Wood, W. B. (1992). Evidence from mosaic analysis of the masculinizing gene her-1 for cell interactions in C. elegans sex determination. Nature355,551-555.","DOI":"10.1038\/355551a0"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ito, H., Fujitani, K., Usui, K., Shimizu-Nishikawa, K., Tanaka,S. and Yamamoto, D. (1996). Sexual orientation in Drosophila is altered by the satori mutation in the sex-determination gene fruitless that encodes a zinc finger protein with a BTB domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA93,9687-9692.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.18.9687"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, C., Marsden, I., Chen, X. and Liao, X.(1999). Dynamic DNA contacts observed in the NMR structure of winged helix protein-DNA complex. J. Mol. Biol.289,683-690.","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.2819"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF30","unstructured":"Kamath, R. S., Martinez-Campos, M., Zipperlen, P., Fraser, A. G. and Ahringer, J. (2001). Effectiveness of specific RNA-mediated interference through ingested double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genome Biol.2,RESEARCH0002."},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimble, J. (1981). Alterations in cell lineage following laser ablation of cells in the somatic gonad of Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Biol.87,286-300.","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(81)90152-4"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimble, J. and Hirsh, D. (1979). The postembryonic cell lineages of the hermaphrodite and male gonads in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Biol.70,396-417.","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(79)90035-6"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimble, J. E. and White, J. G. (1981). On the control of germ cell development in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Biol.81,208-219.","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(81)90284-0"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF34","unstructured":"Lints, R. and Emmons, S. W. (2002). Regulation of sex-specific differentiation and mating behavior in C. elegans by a new member of the DM domain transcription factor family. Genes Dev.16,2390-2402."},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF35","unstructured":"Loffler, K. A., Zarkower, D. and Koopman, P.(2003). Etiology of ovarian failure in blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus-inversus syndrome (BPES): FOXL2 is a conserved, early-acting gene in vertebrate ovarian development. Endocrinology144,245-251."},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madl, J. E. and Herman, R. K. (1979). Polyploids and sex determination in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics93,393-402.","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/93.2.393"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF37","unstructured":"Mathies, L. D., Henderson, S. T. and Kimble, J.(2003). The C. elegans Hand gene controls embryogenesis and early gonadogenesis. Development130,2881-2892."},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuda, M., Nagahama, Y., Shinomiya, A., Sato, T., Matsuda, C.,Kobayashi, T., Morrey, C. E., Shibata, N., Asakawa, S., Shimizu, N. et al.(2002). DMY is a Y-specific DM-domain gene required for male development in the medaka fish. Nature417,559-563.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature751"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mello, C. and Fire, A. (1995). DNA transformation. Methods Cell Biol.48,451-482.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-679X(08)61399-0"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF40","unstructured":"Mello, C. C., Kramer, J. M., Stinchcomb, D. and Ambros, V.(1991). Efficient gene transfer in C. elegans:extrachromosomal maintenance and integration of transforming sequences. EMBO J.10,3959-3970."},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miskowski, J., Li, Y. and Kimble, J. (2001). The sys-1 gene and sexual dimorphism during gonadogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Biol.230, 61-73.","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9998"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nanda, I., Kondo, M., Hornung, U., Asakawa, S., Winkler, C.,Shimizu, A., Shan, Z., Haaf, T., Shimizu, N., Shima, A. et al.(2002). A duplicated copy of DMRT1 in the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome of the medaka, Oryzias latipes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA99,11778-11783.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.182314699"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nash, B., Colavita, A., Zheng, H., Roy, P. J. and Culotti, J. G. (2000). The forkhead transcription factor UNC-130 is required for the graded spatial expression of the UNC-129 TGF-beta guidance factor in C. elegans. Genes Dev.14,2486-2500.","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.831500"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nef, S. and Parada, L. F. (2000). Hormones in male sexual development. Genes Dev.14,3075-3086.","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.843800"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pettitt, J., Wood, W. B. and Plasterk, R. H.(1996). cdh-3, a gene encoding a member of the cadherin superfamily, functions in epithelial cell morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Development122,4149-4157.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.12.4149"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raymond, C. S., Murphy, M. W., O'Sullivan, M. G., Bardwell, V. J. and Zarkower, D. (2000). Dmrt1, a gene related to worm and fly sexual regulators, is required for mammalian testis differentiation. Genes Dev.14,2587-2595.","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.834100"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raymond, C. S., Shamu, C. E., Shen, M. M., Seifert, K. J.,Hirsch, B., Hodgkin, J. and Zarkower, D. (1998). Evidence for evolutionary conservation of sex-determining genes. Nature391,691-695.","DOI":"10.1038\/35618"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryner, L. C., Goodwin, S. F., Castrillon, D. H., Anand, A.,Villella, A., Baker, B. S., Hall, J. C., Taylor, B. J. and Wasserman, S. A. (1996). Control of male sexual behavior and sexual orientation in Drosophila by the fruitless gene. Cell87,1079-1089.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81802-4"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarafi-Reinach, T. R. and Sengupta, P. (2000). The forkhead domain gene unc-130 generates chemosensory neuron diversity in C. elegans. Genes Dev.14,2472-2485.","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.832300"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schedl, T., Graham, P. L., Barton, M. K. and Kimble, J.(1989). Analysis of the role of tra-1 in germline sex determination in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics123,755-769.","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/123.4.755"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, M. M. and Hodgkin, J. (1988). mab-3, a gene required for sex-specific yolk protein expression and a male-specific lineage in C. elegans. Cell54,1019-1031.","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90117-1"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF52","unstructured":"Siegfried, K. R. and Kimble, J. (2002). POP-1 controls axis formation during early gonadogenesis in C. elegans. Development129,443-453."},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF53","unstructured":"Sulston, J. and Hodgkin, J. (1988). Methods. InThe Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (ed. W. W. Wood),pp. 587-606. Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory."},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sulston, J. E. and Horvitz, H. R. (1977). Post-embryonic cell lineages of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Biol.56,110-156.","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(77)90158-0"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G. and Gibson, T. J.(1994). CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res.22,4673-4680.","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weigel, D. and Jackle, H. (1990). The fork head domain: a novel DNA binding motif of eukaryotic transcription factors?Cell63,455-456.","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90439-L"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wicks, S. R., Yeh, R. T., Gish, W. R., Waterston, R. H. and Plasterk, R. H. (2001). Rapid gene mapping in Caenorhabditis elegans using a high density polymorphism map. Nat. Genet.28,160-164.","DOI":"10.1038\/88878"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF58","unstructured":"Yi, W., Ross, J. M. and Zarkower, D. (2000). mab-3 is a direct tra-1 target gene regulating diverse aspects of C. elegans male sexual development and behavior. Development127,4469-4480."},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarkower, D. (2001). Establishing sexual dimorphism: conservation amidst diversity? Nat. Rev. Genet.2,175-185.","DOI":"10.1038\/35056032"},{"key":"2021042621000362100_REF60","unstructured":"Zarkower, D. and Hodgkin, J. (1992). Molecular analysis of the C. elegans sex-determining gene tra-1: a gene encoding two zinc finger proteins. Cell70,237-249."}],"container-title":["Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article-pdf\/131\/6\/1425\/1507598\/1425.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article-pdf\/131\/6\/1425\/1507598\/1425.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T01:39:23Z","timestamp":1682645963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article\/131\/6\/1425\/64454\/A-forkhead-protein-controls-sexual-identity-of-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,15]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.01012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-9129","0950-1991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-9129","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0950-1991","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,15]]}}}