{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:40:26Z","timestamp":1791146426348,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"14","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Force-producing convergence (narrowing) and extension (lengthening) of tissues by active intercalation of cells along the axis of convergence play a major role in axial morphogenesis during embryo development in both vertebrates and invertebrates, and failure of these processes in human embryos leads to defects including spina bifida and anencephaly. Here we use Xenopus laevis, a system in which the polarized cell motility that drives this active cell intercalation has been related to the development of forces that close the blastopore and elongate the body axis, to examine the role of myosin IIB in convergence and extension. We find that myosin IIB is localized in the cortex of intercalating cells, and show by morpholino knockdown that this myosin isoform is essential for the maintenance of a stereotypical, cortical actin cytoskeleton as visualized with time-lapse fluorescent confocal microscopy. We show that this actin network consists of foci or nodes connected by cables and is polarized relative to the embryonic axis, preferentially cyclically shortening and lengthening parallel to the axis of cell polarization, elongation and intercalation, and also parallel to the axis of convergence forces during gastrulation. Depletion of MHC-B results in disruption of this polarized cytoskeleton, loss of the polarized protrusive activity characteristic of intercalating cells, eventual loss of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, and dose-dependent failure of blastopore closure,arguably because of failure to develop convergence forces parallel to the myosin IIB-dependent dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. These findings bridge the gap between a molecular-scale motor protein and tissue-scale embryonic morphogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.014704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,13]],"date-time":"2008-06-13T01:14:02Z","timestamp":1213319642000},"page":"2435-2444","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":173,"title":["Convergence and extension at gastrulation require a myosin IIB-dependent cortical actin network"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Skoglund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903,USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Rolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903,USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903,USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry M.","family":"Gumbiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903,USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ray","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903,USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amaya, E., Stein, P. A., Musci, T. J. and Kirschner, M. W.(1993). FGF signalling in the early specification of mesoderm in Xenopus. Development118,477-487.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.118.2.477"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beningo, K. A. and Wang, Y. L. (2002). Flexible substrata for the detection of cellular traction forces. Trends Cell Biol.12,79-84.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8924(01)02205-X"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beningo, K. A., Lo, C. M. and Wang, Y. L.(2002). Flexible polyacrylamide substrata for the analysis of mechanical interactions at cell-substratum adhesions. Methods Cell Biol.69,325-339.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-679X(02)69021-1"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg, J. S., Powell, B. C. and Cheney, R. E.(2001). A millennial myosin census. Mol. Biol. Cell12,780-794.","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.12.4.780"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertet, C., Sulak, L. and Lecuit, T. (2004). Myosin-dependent junction remodelling controls planar cell intercalation and axis elongation. Nature429,667-671.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02590"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatia-Dey, N., Adelstein, R. S. and Dawid, I. B.(1993). Cloning of the cDNA encoding a myosin heavy chain B isoform of Xenopus nonmuscle myosin with an insert in the head region. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA90,2856-2859.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.7.2856"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatia-Dey, N., Taira, M., Conti, M. A., Nooruddin, H. and Adelstein, R. S. (1998). Differential expression of non-muscle myosin heavy chain genes during Xenopus embryogenesis. Mech. Dev.78,33-36.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(98)00136-1"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blankenship, J. T., Backovic, S. T., Sanny, J. S., Weitz, O. and Zallen, J. A. (2006). Multicellular rosette formation links planar cell polarity to tissue morphogenesis. Dev. Cell11,459-470.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2006.09.007"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brieher, W. M. and Gumbiner, B. M. (1994). Regulation of C-cadherin function during activin induced morphogenesis of Xenopus animal caps. J. Cell Biol.126,519-527.","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.126.2.519"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X. and Gumbiner, B. M. (2006). Paraxial protocadherin mediates cell sorting and tissue morphogenesis by regulating C-cadherin adhesion activity. J. Cell Biol.174,301-313.","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200602062"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conti, M. A., Even-Ram, S., Liu, C., Yamada, K. M. and Adelstein, R. S. (2004). Defects in cell adhesion and the visceral endoderm following ablation of nonmuscle myosin heavy chain II-A in mice. J. Biol. Chem.279,41263-41266.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C400352200"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finnemann, S., Kuhl, M., Otto, G. and Wedlich, D.(1995). Cadherin transfection of Xenopus XTC cells downregulates expression of substrate adhesion molecules. Mol. Cell. Biol.15,5082-5091.","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.15.9.5082"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geeves, M. A. and Holmes, K. C. (1999). Structural mechanism of muscle contraction. Annu. Rev. Biochem.68,687-728.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.68.1.687"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geeves, M. A. and Holmes, K. C. (2005). The molecular mechanism of muscle contraction. Adv. Protein. Chem.71,161-193.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3233(04)71005-0"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glickman, N. S., Kimmel, C. B., Jones, M. A. and Adams, R. J. (2003). Shaping the zebrafish notochord. Development130,873-887.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00314"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golomb, E., Ma, X., Jana, S. S., Preston, Y. A., Kawamoto, S.,Shoham, N. G., Goldin, E., Conti, M. A., Sellers, J. R. and Adelstein, R. S. (2004). Identification and characterization of nonmuscle myosin II-C, a new member of the myosin II family. J. Biol. Chem.279,2800-2808.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M309981200"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goto, T. and Keller, R. (2002). The planar cell polarity gene strabismus regulates convergence and extension and neural fold closure in Xenopus. Dev. Biol.247,165-181.","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2002.0673"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hardin, J. and Keller, R. (1988). The behaviour and function of bottle cells during gastrulation of Xenopus laevis. Development103,211-230.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.103.1.211"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, A. K., Wild, P. and Stopak, D. (1980). Silicone rubber substrata: a new wrinkle in the study of cell locomotion. Science208,177-179.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6987736"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heisenberg, C. P., Tada, M., Rauch, G. J., Saude, L., Concha, M. L., Geisler, R., Stemple, D. L., Smith, J. C. and Wilson, S. W.(2000). Silberblick\/Wnt11 mediates convergent extension movements during zebrafish gastrulation. Nature405, 76-81.","DOI":"10.1038\/35011068"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes, K. C. and Geeves, M. A. (2000). The structural basis of muscle contraction. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.355,419-431.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2000.0583"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwaki, D. D., Johansen, K. A., Singer, J. B. and Lengyel, J. A. (2001). drumstick, bowl, and lines are required for patterning and cell rearrangement in the Drosophila embryonic hindgut. Dev. Biol.240,611-626.","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0483"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaffe, S. H., Friedlander, D. R., Matsuzaki, F., Crossin, K. L.,Cunningham, B. A. and Edelman, G. M. (1990). Differential effects of the cytoplasmic domains of cell adhesion molecules on cell aggregation and sorting-out. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA87,3589-3593.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.9.3589"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller, R. (2002). Shaping the vertebrate body plan by polarized embryonic cell movements. Science298,1950-1954.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079478"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller, R. and Danilchik, M. (1988). Regional expression, pattern and timing of convergence and extension during gastrulation of Xenopus laevis. Development103,193-209.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.103.1.193"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF26","unstructured":"Keller, R. and Shook, D. (2004). Gastrulation in Amphibians. In Gastrulation: From Cells to Embryo(ed. C. D. Stern). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press."},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller, R., Cooper, M. S., Danilchik, M., Tibbetts, P. and Wilson, P. A. (1989). Cell intercalation during notochord development in Xenopus laevis. J. Exp. Zool.251,134-154.","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402510204"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller, R., Shih, J. and Domingo, C. (1992). The patterning and functioning of protrusive activity during convergence and extension of the Xenopus organiser. Dev. Suppl.,81-91.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.116.Supplement.81"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller, R., Davidson, L., Edlund, A., Elul, T., Ezin, M., Shook,D. and Skoglund, P. (2000). Mechanisms of convergence and extension by cell intercalation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.355,897-922.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2000.0626"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller, R., Davidson, L. A. and Shook, D. R.(2003). How we are shaped: the biomechanics of gastrulation. Differentiation71,171-205.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-0436.2003.710301.x"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller, R. E. (1976). Vital dye mapping of the gastrula and neurula of Xenopus laevis. II. Prospective areas and morphogenetic movements of the deep layer. Dev. Biol.51,118-137.","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(76)90127-5"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller, R. E. (1981). An experimental analysis of the role of bottle cells and the deep marginal zone in gastrulation of Xenopus laevis. J. Exp. Zool.216,81-101.","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402160109"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller, R. E. (1984). The cellular basis of gastrulation in Xenopus laevis: active, postinvolution convergence and extension by mediolateral interdigitation. Am. Zool.24,589-603.","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/24.3.589"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelley, C. A., Sellers, J. R., Gard, D. L., Bui, D., Adelstein,R. S. and Baines, I. C. (1996). Xenopus nonmuscle myosin heavy chain isoforms have different subcellular localizations and enzymatic activities. J. Cell Biol.134,675-687.","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.134.3.675"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kintner, C. R. and Melton, D. A. (1987). Expression of Xenopus N-CAM RNA in ectoderm is an early response to neural induction. Development99,311-325.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.99.3.311"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolega, J. (1986). Effects of mechanical tension on protrusive activity and microfilament and intermediate filament organization in an epidermal epithelium moving in culture. J. Cell Biol.102,1400-1411.","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.102.4.1400"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolega, J. (1998). Cytoplasmic dynamics of myosin IIA and IIB: spatial `sorting' of isoforms in locomoting cells. J. Cell Sci.111,2085-2095.","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.111.15.2085"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laevsky, G. and Knecht, D. A. (2001). Under-agarose folate chemotaxis of Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae in permissive and mechanically inhibited conditions. Biotechniques31,1140-2, 1144, 1146-1149.","DOI":"10.2144\/01315rr03"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laevsky, G. and Knecht, D. A. (2003). Cross-linking of actin filaments by myosin II is a major contributor to cortical integrity and cell motility in restrictive environments. J. Cell Sci.116,3761-3770.","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00684"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landsverk, M. L. and Epstein, H. F. (2005). Genetic analysis of myosin II assembly and organization in model organisms. Cell. Mol. Life Sci.62,2270-2282.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5176-2"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C. H. and Gumbiner, B. M. (1995). Disruption of gastrulation movements in Xenopus by a dominant-negative mutant for C-cadherin. Dev. Biol.171,363-373.","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1995.1288"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lengyel, J. A. and Iwaki, D. D. (2002). It takes guts: the Drosophila hindgut as a model system for organogenesis. Dev. Biol.243,1-19.","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2002.0577"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Litman, P., Amieva, M. R. and Furthmayr, H.(2000). Imaging of dynamic changes of the actin cytoskeleton in microextensions of live NIH3T3 cells with a GFP fusion of the F-actin binding domain of moesin. BMC Cell Biol.1, 1.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2121-1-1"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo, C. M., Wang, H. B., Dembo, M. and Wang, Y. L.(2000). Cell movement is guided by the rigidity of the substrate. Biophys. J.79,144-152.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(00)76279-5"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo, C. M., Buxton, D. B., Chua, G. C., Dembo, M., Adelstein, R. S. and Wang, Y. L. (2004). Nonmuscle myosin IIb is involved in the guidance of fibroblast migration. Mol. Biol. Cell15,982-989.","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e03-06-0359"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsden, M. and DeSimone, D. W. (2003). Integrin-ECM interactions regulate cadherin-dependent cell adhesion and are required for convergent extension in Xenopus. Curr. Biol.13,1182-1191.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(03)00433-0"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maupin, P., Phillips, C. L., Adelstein, R. S. and Pollard, T. D. (1994). Differential localization of myosin-II isozymes in human cultured cells and blood cells. J. Cell Sci.107,3077-3090.","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.107.11.3077"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myers, D. C., Sepich, D. S. and Solnica-Krezel, L.(2002). Convergence and extension in vertebrate gastrulae: cell movements according to or in search of identity? Trends Genet.18,447-455.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(02)02725-7"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niessen, C. M. and Gumbiner, B. M. (2002). Cadherin-mediated cell sorting not determined by binding or adhesion specificity. J. Cell Biol.156,389-399.","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200108040"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF50","unstructured":"Nieuwkoop, P. D. and Faber, J. (1967).Normal table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). Amsterdam:North Holland Publishing."},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ninomiya, H., Elinson, R. P. and Winklbauer, R.(2004). Antero-posterior tissue polarity links mesoderm convergent extension to axial patterning. Nature430,364-367.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02620"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Toole, T. E., Katagiri, Y., Faull, R. J., Peter, K., Tamura,R., Quaranta, V., Loftus, J. C., Shattil, S. J. and Ginsberg, M. H.(1994). Integrin cytoplasmic domains mediate inside-out signal transduction. J. Cell Biol.124,1047-1059.","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.124.6.1047"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rayment, I. and Holden, H. M. (1994). The three-dimensional structure of a molecular motor. Trends Biochem. Sci.19,129-134.","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(94)90206-2"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rochlin, M. W., Itoh, K., Adelstein, R. S. and Bridgman, P. C. (1995). Localization of myosin II A and B isoforms in cultured neurons. J. Cell Sci.108,3661-3670.","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.108.12.3661"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF55","unstructured":"Schectman. (1942). The mechanics of amphibian gastrulation. I. Gastrulation-producing interactions between various regions of an anuran egg (Ityla regila). Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.51,1-39."},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sepich, D. S., Myers, D. C., Short, R., Topczewski, J., Marlow,F. and Solnica-Krezel, L. (2000). Role of the zebrafish trilobite locus in gastrulation movements of convergence and extension. Genesis27,159-173.","DOI":"10.1002\/1526-968X(200008)27:4<159::AID-GENE50>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shewan, A. M., Maddugoda, M., Kraemer, A., Stehbens, S. J.,Verma, S., Kovacs, E. M. and Yap, A. S. (2005). Myosin 2 is a key Rho kinase target necessary for the local concentration of E-cadherin at cell-cell contacts. Mol. Biol. Cell16,4531-4542.","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e05-04-0330"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shih, J. and Keller, R. (1992a). Cell motility driving mediolateral intercalation in explants of Xenopus laevis. Development116,901-914.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.116.4.901"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shih, J. and Keller, R. (1992b). Patterns of cell motility in the organizer and dorsal mesoderm of Xenopus laevis. Development116,915-930.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.116.4.915"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skoglund, P. and Keller, R. (2007). Xenopus fibrillin regulates directed convergence and extension. Dev. Biol.301,404-416.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2006.09.005"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skoglund, P., Dzamba, B., Coffman, C. R., Harris, W. A. and Keller, R. (2006). Xenopus fibrillin is expressed in the organizer and is the earliest component of matrix at the developing notochord-somite boundary. Dev. Dyn.235,1974-1983.","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20818"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tada, M. and Smith, J. C. (2000). Xwnt11 is a target of Xenopus Brachyury: regulation of gastrulation movements via Dishevelled, but not through the canonical Wnt pathway. Development127,2227-2238.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.10.2227"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, Q., Nandadasa, S., McCrea, P. D., Heasman, J. and Wylie,C. (2007). G-protein-coupled signals control cortical actin assembly by controlling cadherin expression in the early Xenopus embryo. Development134,2651-2661.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.002824"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicente-Manzanares, M., Zareno, J., Whitmore, L., Choi, C. K. and Horwitz, A. F. (2007). Regulation of protrusion, adhesion dynamics, and polarity by myosins IIA and IIB in migrating cells. J. Cell Biol.176,573-580.","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200612043"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winklbauer, R. (1998). Conditions for fibronectin fibril formation in the early Xenopus embryo. Dev. Dyn.212,335-345.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0177(199807)212:3<335::AID-AJA1>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X. S., Kuspa, A., Fuller, D., Loomis, W. F. and Knecht, D. A. (1996). Cell-cell adhesion prevents mutant cells lacking myosin II from penetrating aggregation streams of Dictyostelium. Dev. Biol.175,218-226.","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1996.0109"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X. S., Lee, E., Chen, T., Kuczmarski, E., Chisholm, R. L. and Knecht, D. A. (2001). During multicellular migration,myosin ii serves a structural role independent of its motor function. Dev. Biol.232,255-264.","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.0132"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zallen, J. A. (2007). Planar polarity and tissue morphogenesis. Cell129,1051-1063.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.05.050"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zallen, J. A. and Wieschaus, E. (2004). Patterned gene expression directs bipolar planar polarity in Drosophila. Dev. Cell6,343-355.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(04)00060-7"},{"key":"2021042605464343200_REF70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, Y., Brieher, W. M. and Gumbiner, B. M.(1999). Analysis of C-cadherin regulation during tissue morphogenesis with an activating antibody. J. Cell Biol.144,351-359.","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.144.2.351"}],"container-title":["Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article-pdf\/135\/14\/2435\/1472967\/2435.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article-pdf\/135\/14\/2435\/1472967\/2435.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T20:08:56Z","timestamp":1684440536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article\/135\/14\/2435\/43596\/Convergence-and-extension-at-gastrulation-require"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.014704","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-9129","0950-1991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-9129","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0950-1991","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]]}}}