{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:23:27Z","timestamp":1790364207193,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Preaxial polydactyly (PPD) is a common limb-associated birth defect characterized by extra digit(s) in the anterior autopod. It often results from ectopic sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression in the anterior limb bud. Although several transcription factors are known to restrict Shh expression to the posterior limb bud, how they function together remains unclear. Here we provide evidence from mouse conditional knockout limb buds that the bHLH family transcription factor gene Twist1 is required to inhibit Shh expression in the anterior limb bud mesenchyme. More importantly, we uncovered genetic synergism between Twist1 and the ETS family transcription factor genes Etv4 and Etv5 (collectively Etv), which also inhibit Shh expression. Biochemical data suggest that this genetic interaction is a result of direct association between TWIST1 and ETV proteins. Previous studies have shown that TWIST1 functions by forming homodimers or heterodimers with other bHLH factors including HAND2, a key positive regulator of Shh expression. We found that the PPD phenotype observed in Etv mutants is suppressed by a mutation in Hand2, indicative of genetic antagonism. Furthermore, overexpression of ETV proteins influences the dimerization of these bHLH factors. Together, our data suggest that through biochemical interactions, the Shh expression regulators ETV, TWIST1 and HAND2 attain a precise balance to establish anterior-posterior patterning of the limb.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.051789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,8]],"date-time":"2010-09-08T20:59:21Z","timestamp":1283979561000},"page":"3417-3426","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Preaxial polydactyly: interactions among ETV, TWIST1 and HAND2 control anterior-posterior patterning of the limb"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiwu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hassell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Cserjesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You-Tzung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard R.","family":"Behringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042606012506900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19970304)70:5<590::AID-IJC17>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Expression of the PEA3 group of ETS-related transcription factors in human breast-cancer cells","volume":"70","author":"Baert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. 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