{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:21:37Z","timestamp":1790846497268,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the embryonic CNS, development of myelin-forming oligodendrocytes is limited by bone morphogenetic proteins, which constitute one arm of the transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (Tgf\u03b2) family and signal canonically via Smads 1\/5\/8. Tgf\u03b2 ligands and Activins comprise the other arm and signal via Smads 2\/3, but their roles in oligodendrocyte development are incompletely characterized. Here, we report that Tgf\u03b2 ligands and activin B (ActB) act in concert in the mammalian spinal cord to promote oligodendrocyte generation and myelination. In mouse neural tube, newly specified oligodendrocyte progenitors (OLPs) are first exposed to Tgf\u03b2 ligands in isolation, then later in combination with ActB during maturation. In primary OLP cultures, Tgf\u03b21 and ActB differentially activate canonical Smad3 and non-canonical MAP kinase signaling. Both ligands enhance viability, and Tgf\u03b21 promotes proliferation while ActB supports maturation. Importantly, co-treatment strongly activates both signaling pathways, producing an additive effect on viability and enhancing both proliferation and differentiation such that mature oligodendrocyte numbers are substantially increased. Co-treatment promotes myelination in OLP-neuron co-cultures, and maturing oligodendrocytes in spinal cord white matter display strong Smad3 and MAP kinase activation. In spinal cords of ActB-deficient Inhbb\u2212\/\u2212 embryos, apoptosis in the oligodendrocyte lineage is increased and OLP numbers transiently reduced, but numbers, maturation and myelination recover during the first postnatal week. Smad3\u2212\/\u2212 mice display a more severe phenotype, including diminished viability and proliferation, persistently reduced mature and immature cell numbers, and delayed myelination. Collectively, these findings suggest that, in mammalian spinal cord, Tgf\u03b2 ligands and ActB together support oligodendrocyte development and myelin formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.106492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]],"date-time":"2014-06-10T11:24:45Z","timestamp":1402399485000},"page":"2414-2428","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Combinatorial actions of Tgf\u03b2 and Activin ligands promote oligodendrocyte development and CNS myelination"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"Dipankar J.","family":"Dutta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for MS, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, 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