{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T02:47:56Z","timestamp":1772506076200,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,12,1]],"date-time":"1990-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":660009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Despite the fact that a variety of experimental techniques have been devised over the years to induce tetraploid mammalian embryonic development, success rates to date have been limited. Apart from the early study by Snow, who obtained development to term of a limited number of cytochalasin B-induced tetraploid mouse embryos, no other researchers have achieved development of tetraploid embryos beyond the early postimplantation period. We now report advanced postimplantation development of tetraploid mouse embryos following electrofusion of blastomeres at the 2-cell stage, and subsequent transfer of these 1-cell \u2018fused\u2019 embryos to appropriate recipients. Cytogenetic analysis of the extraembryonic membranes of all of the postimplantation embryos encountered in the present study has provided an unequivocal means of confirming their tetraploid chromosome constitution. A preliminary morphological and histological analysis of the tetraploid embryos obtained by this technique has revealed that characteristic craniofacial abnormalities particularly involving the forebrain and eyes were consistently observed, and these features were often associated with abnormalities of the vertebral axis and heart. The most advanced viable embryo in this series was recovered on the 15th day of gestation, and its morphological features suggest that it was developmentally equivalent to a normal embryo of about 13.5\u201314 days p.c.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.110.4.1121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T01:44:02Z","timestamp":1619401442000},"page":"1121-1132","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Postimplantation development of tetraploid mouse embryos produced by electrofusion"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"M. H.","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical School Department of Anatomy , , Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical School Department of Anatomy , , Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1990,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1086\/394504","article-title":"The problem of cyclopia. Part I","volume":"11","author":"Adelmann","year":"1936","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1086\/394509","article-title":"The problem of cyclopia. Part II","volume":"11","author":"Adelmann","year":"1936","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1962.10663252","article-title":"Field studies of cyclopian malformations in sheep","volume":"5","author":"Babbott","year":"1962","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90848-9","article-title":"Craniofacial abnormalities induced by ectopic expression of the homeobox gene HOX-1.1 in transgenic mice","volume":"58","author":"Balling","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(64)80405-4","article-title":"Holoprosencephaly","volume":"65","author":"Bishop","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(82)80349-1","article-title":"An update on the holoprosencephalic disorders","volume":"101","author":"Cohen","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1987.01060110122045","article-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome: Eye malformations in a mouse model","volume":"105","author":"Cook","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthal."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(85)90101-0","article-title":"Mapping of the neural early primordium in quail-chick chimeras. I. Developmental relationships between placodes, facial ectoderm and prosencephalon","volume":"110","author":"Couly","year":"1985","journal-title":"Devl Biol."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(87)90118-7","article-title":"Mapping of the early neural primordium in quail-chick chimeras. II. The prosencephalic neural plate and neural folds: implications for the genesis of cephalic human congenital abnormalities","volume":"120","author":"Couly","year":"1987","journal-title":"Devl Biol."},{"issue":"Supplement","key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.103.Supplement.101","article-title":"The fate map of the cephalic neural primordium at the presomitic to the 3-somite stage in the avian embryo","volume":"103","author":"Couly","year":"1988","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C11","volume-title":"Cytogenetics of Mammalian Embryonic Development.","author":"Dyban","year":"1987"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401370207","article-title":"Colchicine-induced heteroploidy in the mouse. II. The induction of tetraploidy and other types of heteroploidy","volume":"137","author":"Edwards","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. exp. Zool."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402130222","article-title":"Formation of tetraploid mouse blastocysts following blastomere fusion with polyethylene glycol","volume":"213","author":"Eglitis","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. exp. Zool."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C14","first-page":"91","article-title":"Tetraploidy and early development, effects on developmental timing and embryonic metabolism","volume":"66","author":"Eglitis","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Embryol. exp. Morph."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511529702","volume-title":"The Consequences of Chromosome Imbalance. Principles, Mechanisms and Models.","author":"Epstein","year":"1986"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3109\/10520297209116541","article-title":"Chromosomes of mouse embryos and newborn young, preparations from membranes and tail tips","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"1972","journal-title":"Stain Technol."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C17","first-page":"293","article-title":"Cycloc\u00e9phalie: Morphog\u00e9n\u00e8se et m\u00e9chanisme de sa production","volume":"47","author":"Giroud","year":"1963","journal-title":"Arch. Anat."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.13.4.329","article-title":"Tetraploidy in a newborn infant","volume":"13","author":"Golbus","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. med. Genet."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C19","first-page":"154","article-title":"Virus assisted fusion of embryonic cells","volume":"153","author":"Graham","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta endocr., Copenh. Suppl."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C20","volume-title":"The Neural Crest, including a facsimile reprint of The Neural Crest by Sven Horstadius.","author":"Hall","year":"1988"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.3.1.26","article-title":"A new family of mouse homeobox-containing genes, molecular structure, chromosomal localisation, and developmental expression of HOX-7.1","volume":"3","author":"Hill","year":"1989","journal-title":"Genesand Development"},{"issue":"Supplement","key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.103.Supplement.115","article-title":"Small eye (Sey): a mouse model for the genetic analysis of craniofacial abnormalities","volume":"103","author":"Hogan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd1977.33.19","article-title":"Blastomere fusion of mouse 2cell embryos by electric stimulus","volume":"33","author":"Kato","year":"1987","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Anim. Reprod."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.105.1.137","article-title":"Influence of diandric and digynic triploid genotypes on early mouse embryogenesis","volume":"105","author":"Kaufman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(85)90143-0","article-title":"Electrofusion of mouse blastomeres","volume":"157","author":"Kubiak","year":"1985","journal-title":"Expl Cell Res."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C26","volume-title":"The Neural Crest.","author":"Le Douarin","year":"1982"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/273466a0","article-title":"Transfer of embryonic nuclei to fertilized mouse eggs and development of tetraploid blastocysts","volume":"273","author":"Modli\u00f1ski","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/292342a0","article-title":"The fate of inner cell mass and trophectoderm nuclei transplanted to fertilized mouse eggs","volume":"292","author":"Modli\u00f1ski","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-201850-3.50008-5","article-title":"Manipulation of ploidy in the mouse","volume-title":"Methods in Mammalian Reproduction (ed J. C. Daniel Jr.) pp. 49\u201365. New York: Academic Press","author":"Niemierko","year":"1978"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1159\/000132928","article-title":"Sex chromosome constitution of postimplantation tetraploid mouse embryos","volume":"53","author":"O\u2019neill","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cytogenetics Cell Genetics"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C31","first-page":"211","article-title":"Effects of electric field on fusion rate and survival of 2-cell rabbit embryos","volume":"96","author":"Ozil","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Embryol. exp. Morph."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a104648","article-title":"The effects of mitosis-inhibiting treatments on normally fertilized pre-cleavage rabbit eggs. The comparative behavior of mammalian eggs in vivo and in vitro","volume":"30","author":"Pincus","year":"1939","journal-title":"J. Heredity"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.18.4.309","article-title":"Tetraploidy in a liveborn infant with spina bifida and other anomalies","volume":"18","author":"Pitt","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. med. Genet."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.108.2.213","article-title":"Specific spatial and temporal distribution of retinoic acid receptor gamma transcripts during mouse embryogenesis","volume":"108","author":"Ruberte","year":"1990","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320190106","article-title":"Tetraploidy, A report of three live-born infants","volume":"19","author":"Scarbrough","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. med. Genet."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320290311","article-title":"Tetraploidy in a 15-month old girl","volume":"29","author":"Shiono","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. med. Genet."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C37","volume-title":"Recognisable Patterns of Human Malformation. Genetic, Embryologic and Clinical Aspects. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders","author":"Smith","year":"1982"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/244513a0","article-title":"Tetraploid mouse embryos produced by cytochalasin B during cleavage","volume":"244","author":"Snow","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C39","first-page":"707","article-title":"Embryonic development of tetraploid mice during the second half of gestation","volume":"34","author":"Snow","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Embryol. exp. Morph."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C40","first-page":"81","article-title":"The immediate postimplantation development of tetraploid mouse blastocysts","volume":"35","author":"Snow","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Embryol. exp. Morph."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.103.Supplement.213","article-title":"Teratogens and craniofacial malformations: relationships to cell death","volume-title":"Development 103 Supplement, 213\u2013232","author":"Sulik","year":"1988"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C42","first-page":"309","article-title":"Embryonic origin of holoprosencephaly: interrelationship of the developing brain and face","volume":"1","author":"Sulik","year":"1982","journal-title":"Scanning Electron Microscopy"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C43","first-page":"47","article-title":"Development of cytochalasin B-induced tetraploid and diploid\/tetraploid mosaic mouse embryos","volume":"41","author":"Tarkowski","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Embryol. exp. Morph."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C44","first-page":"410","article-title":"Familial short arm deficiency of chromosome 18 concomitant with arhinencephaly and alopecia congenita","volume":"17","author":"Uchida","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. hum. Genet."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1982.tb01842.x","article-title":"Mosaic tetraploidy in a male neonate","volume":"22","author":"Veenema","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C46","volume-title":"Congenital Malformations. Notes and Comments.","author":"Warkany","year":"1971"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C47","first-page":"502","article-title":"Congenital malformations in autosomal trisomy syndromes","volume":"112","author":"Warkany","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C48","first-page":"7","article-title":"Culture of mouse ova","volume":"14","author":"Whittingham","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fert. Suppl"},{"key":"2023050312051944400_DEVELOP_110_4_1121C49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320300413","article-title":"MCA\/MR syndrome in a female infant with tetraploidy mosaicism. Review of the human polyploid phenotype","volume":"30","author":"Wilson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."}],"container-title":["Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article-pdf\/110\/4\/1121\/2805693\/develop_110_4_1121.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article-pdf\/110\/4\/1121\/2805693\/develop_110_4_1121.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T12:21:55Z","timestamp":1683116515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article\/110\/4\/1121\/37085\/Postimplantation-development-of-tetraploid-mouse"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,12,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.110.4.1121","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-1991","1477-9129"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-1991","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-9129","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,12,1]]}}}