{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:03:01Z","timestamp":1789189381543,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1992,4,1]],"date-time":"1992-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":702086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-\u03b1) mRNA is expressed in several pancreatic cancer cell lines, but its expression during normal fetal pancreas development has not been studied. We investigated the expression of TGF-\u03b1, its receptor (EGF-R) and insulin mRNA and their corresponding peptides in human fetal pancreata (15\u201320 gestation weeks). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and RNAase protection analysis revealed that TGF-\u03b1 and insulin mRNAs were detectable in pancreas during the developmental span studied. In northern blot analysis a single band of 4.8 kilobases (kb) corresponding to the TGF-\u03b1 transcript and a 0.6 kb for the insulin mRNA were detected in the pancreas. Using in situ hybridization, TGF-\u03b1 mRNA expression was seen in a low copy number in both the exo- and endocrine pancreas. By immunohistochemistry TGF-\u03b1-immuno-reactive cells were detected in the ducts, acini and islets showing that the mRNA was translated into protein. By contrast, insulin transcripts were detected in a high copy number, restricted to the islets of Langerhans. However, monoclonal insulin antibody detected less insulin containing cells than could be expected from the mRNA pattern suggesting that fetal \u03b2-cells rapidly secrete insulin instead of storing it in the secretory granules. Alternatively, the translation of insulin mRNA could be inefficient. By double labeling the pancreas sections with polyclonal TGF-\u03b1 antiserum and monoclonal insulin antibody the TGF-\u03b1- and insulin-like immunoreactivity was localized to \u03b2-cells. Furthermore, mRNA for the TGF-\u03b1 receptor, EGF-R, together with EGF-R-immu-noreactive cells were also present in pancreas. The results suggest that TGF-\u03b1 may participate auto- and\/or paracrinically in the development of human fetal pancreas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.114.4.833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T18:26:00Z","timestamp":1619202360000},"page":"833-840","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-<i>\u03b1<\/i>) and insulin gene expression in human fetal pancreas"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"P\u00e4tvi J.","family":"Miettine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Departments of Pathology, and Pediatrics"},{"name":"2 University of Helsinki, SF-00290 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristiina","family":"Heikinheimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Departments of Pathology, and Pediatrics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024022606270029100_DEVELOP_114_4_833C1","first-page":"24","article-title":"The production of single-stranded DNA suitable for sequencing using the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"10","author":"Allard","year":"1991","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"2024022606270029100_DEVELOP_114_4_833C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114223","article-title":"Localization of transforming growth factor a and its receptor in gastric mucosal cells. 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