{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:26:35Z","timestamp":1790299595286,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,2,1]],"date-time":"1993-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":728524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Members of the activin family have been suggested to act as mesoderm-inducing factors during early amphib- ian development. Little is known, however, about meso- derm formation in the mammalian embryo, and as one approach to investigating this we have studied activin expression during early mouse development.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Activins are homo- or heterodimers of the \u03b2A or \u03b2B subunits of inhibin, itself a heterodimer consisting of one of the \u03b2 subunits together with an \u03b1 subunit. Our results indicate that the oocyte contains mRNA encoding all three subunits, and antibody staining demonstrates the presence of both \u03b1 and \u03b2 protein chains. From the fer- tilized egg stage onwards, \u03b1 subunit protein cannot be detected, so the presence of \u03b2 subunits reflects the pres- ence of activin rather than inhibin.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Maternal levels of activin protein decline during early cleavage stages but increase, presumably due to zygotic transcription (see below), in the compacted morula. By 3.5 days, only the inner cell mass (ICM) cells of the blas- tocyst express activin, but at 4.5 days the situation is reversed; activin expression is confined to the trophec- toderm. Using reverse transcription-PCR, neither \u03b2A nor \u03b2B mRNA was detectable at the two-cell stage but transcripts encoding both subunits were detectable at the morula stage, with \u03b2B mRNA persisting into the blastocyst.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>We have also analyzed activin and inhibin expression in ES and EC cells. Consistent with the observation that activins are expressed in the ICM of 3.5-day blastocysts, we find high levels of \u03b2A and \u03b2B mRNA in all eight ES cell lines tested. F9 EC cells express only activin \u03b2B, together with low levels of the inhibin \u03b1chain. When ES and EC cells are induced to differentiate, levels of activin fall dramatically. These results are consistent with a role for activins in mesoderm formation and other steps of early mouse development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.117.2.711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T01:15:42Z","timestamp":1619399742000},"page":"711-723","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Activins are expressed in preimplantation mouse embryos and in ES and EC cells and are regulated on their differentiation"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Rodolpho M.","family":"Albano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Laboratory of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Groome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Polytechnic (Oxford Brookes University) 2 School of Biological and Molecular Sciences , , Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. C.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Laboratory of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024121722413072600_DEVELOP_117_2_711C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.110.2.435","article-title":"A mesoderm-inducing factor produced by WEHI-3 murine myelomonocytic leukemia cells is activin A","volume":"110","author":"Albano","year":"1990","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024121722413072600_DEVELOP_117_2_711C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90616-7","article-title":"Expression of a dominant negative mutant of the FGF receptor disrupts mesoderm formation in Xenopus embryos","volume":"66","author":"Amaya","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024121722413072600_DEVELOP_117_2_711C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00383771","article-title":"Mesodermal induction in early amphibian embryos by activin A (erythroid differentiation factor)","volume":"198","author":"Asashima","year":"1990","journal-title":"Roux\u2019s Arch. 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