{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T05:40:21Z","timestamp":1734500421484,"version":"3.30.2"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,7,1]],"date-time":"1993-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":741484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The effects of retinoids are mediated by two types of receptors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and the retinoid-X-receptors (RXRs). The physiological ligand of the RARs is all-trans-retinoic acid whereas RXRs have high affinity for 9-cis-retinoic acid, a naturally occurring retinoid isomer. RXRs are broadly expressed in embryonic and adult tissues, and they are capable of forming homodimers as well as heterodimers with RARs and other nuclear hormone receptors. The role of 9-cis-retinoic acid in regulating the activity of RXR homo-dimers and RXR-containing heterodimers is poorly understood in vivo. To begin to explore the function of 9-cis-retinoic acid in morphogenesis, we have examined the activity of this isomer in the chick wing. Using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analyses, we show that RXR is expressed in stage 20 wing buds. Similar to all-trans-retinoic acid, the 9-cis-isomer induces pattern duplications when locally applied to chick wing buds, but the 9-cis isomer is about 25 times more potent than the all-trans form. Furthermore, applied all-trans-retinoic acid is converted to the 9-cis isomer in the wing bud. The ratio of 9-cis to all-trans-retinoic acid established in the tissue is approximately 1:25. This quantitative agreement between the degree of conversion and the 25-fold higher efficacy of the 9-cis isomer, raises the possibility that, at least in part, the effects of all-trans-retinoic acid on the wing pattern result from a conversion to the 9-cis isomer. Therefore, it is possible that, in this system, the actual active species is 9-cis-retinoic acid and that the all-trans form serves as a precursor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.118.3.957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T01:22:42Z","timestamp":1619400162000},"page":"957-965","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["9-<i>cis-<\/i>retinoic acid, a potent inducer of digit pattern duplications in the chick wing bud"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Thaller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine V. and M. McLean Department of Biochemistry , , One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clementine","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine V. and M. McLean Department of Biochemistry , , One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Eichele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine V. and M. McLean Department of Biochemistry , , One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.1.30","article-title":"Retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors: Interactions with endogenous retinoic acids","volume":"90","author":"Allenby","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90237-7","article-title":"Gene regulation by steroid hormones","volume":"56","author":"Beato","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/333669a0","article-title":"A new retinoic acid receptor identified from a hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"333","author":"Benbrook","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.6.2321","article-title":"Multiple retinoid-responsive receptors in a single cell: families of RXRs and RARs in the Xenopus egg","volume":"89","author":"Blumberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(91)90423-N","article-title":"Hox gene activation by retinoic acid","volume":"7","author":"Boncinelli","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trends Genetics"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/332850a0","article-title":"Identification of a second human retinoic acid receptor","volume":"332","author":"Brand","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(92)90152-7","article-title":"Retinoic acid, local cell-cell interactions, and pattern formation in vertebrate limbs","volume":"152","author":"Bryant","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05186.x","article-title":"RXR\u03b1, a promiscuous partner of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors","volume":"11","author":"Bugge","year":"1992","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C9","first-page":"10","article-title":"The family of retinoic acid nuclear receptors","volume-title":"Retinoids: 10 Years on","author":"Chambon","year":"1991"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5294","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00591a005","article-title":"Isolation of biologically active ribonucleic acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease","volume":"18","author":"Chirgwin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.116.2.357","article-title":"Exogenous retinoic acid rapidly induces anterior expression of murine Hox-2 genes in vivo","volume":"116","author":"Conlon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1038\/342702a0","article-title":"Differential expression of genes encoding \u03b1, \u03b2 and \u03b3 retinoic acid receptors and CRABP in the developing limbs of the mouse","volume":"342","author":"Doll\u00e9","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90267-G","article-title":"All-trans and 9-cis-retinoic acid induction of CRABP II transcription is mediated by RAR-RXR heterodimers bound to DR1 and DR2 repeated motifs","volume":"71","author":"Durand","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/340140a0","article-title":"Retinoic acid causes an anteroposterior transformation in the developing central nervous system","volume":"340","author":"Durston","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(89)90096-6","article-title":"Retinoids: signalling molecules in vertebrate limb pattern formation","volume":"5","author":"Eichele","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.101.5.1913","article-title":"Studies on the mechanism of retinoid-induced pattern duplications in the early chick limb bud: temporal and spatial aspects","volume":"101","author":"Eichele","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.105.4.1917","article-title":"Characterization of concentration gradients of a morphogenetically active retinoid in the chick limb bud","volume":"105","author":"Eichele","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3283939","article-title":"The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily","volume":"240","author":"Evans","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/330624a0","article-title":"Identification of a receptor for the morphogen retinoic acid","volume":"330","author":"Gigu\u00e8re","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(88)90108-4","article-title":"Nuclear receptors enhance our understanding of transcriptional regulation","volume":"4","author":"Green","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8289","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.21.8289","article-title":"H-2RIIBP, a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that binds to both the regulatory element of major histocompatibility class I genes and the estrogen response element","volume":"86","author":"Hamada","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050880104","article-title":"A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo","volume":"88","author":"Hamburger","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Morph."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90479-V","article-title":"9-cis retinoic acid is a high affinity ligand for the retinoid X receptor","volume":"68","author":"Heyman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/359237a0","article-title":"Evidence that Hensen\u2019s node is a site of retinoic acid synthesis","volume":"359","author":"Hogan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C25","first-page":"203","article-title":"Effects of biochemical inhibitors on positional signalling in the chick limb bud","volume":"62","author":"Honig","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Embryol. Exp. Morph."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/350585a0","article-title":"Expression of homeobox genes and the specification of position in chick wing development","volume":"350","author":"Izpis\u00faa-Belmonte","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(92)90153-8","article-title":"Homeobox genes and pattern formation in the vertebrate limb","volume":"152","author":"Izpis\u00faa-Belmonte","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.115.2.487","article-title":"Respecification of vertebral identities by retinoic acid","volume":"115","author":"Kessel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90574-I","article-title":"Homeotic transformations of murine vertebrae and concomitant alteration of Hox codes induced by retinoic acid","volume":"67","author":"Kessel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/355446a0","article-title":"The retinoid X receptor interacts directly with nuclear receptors involved in retinoic acid, thyroid hormone and vitamin D3 signaling","volume":"355","author":"Kliewer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/358771a0","article-title":"Convergence of 9cis-retinoic acid and peroxisome proliferator signalling pathways through heterodimer formation of their receptors","volume":"358","author":"Kliewer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90478-U","article-title":"Purification, cloning and RXR identity of the HeLa cell factor with which RAR or TR heterodimerizes to bind target sequences efficiently","volume":"68","author":"Leid","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/355359a0","article-title":"9-cis-retinoic acid stereoisomer binds and activates the nuclear receptor RXR\u03b1","volume":"355","author":"Levin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0070-2153(08)60538-4","article-title":"Retinoic acid receptors: Transcription factors modulating gene regulation, development, and differentiation","volume":"27","author":"Linney","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr. Topics Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/335733a0","article-title":"Spatial distribution of cellular protein binding to retinoic acid in the chick limb bud","volume":"335","author":"Maden","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/345224a0","article-title":"Nuclear receptor that identifies a novel retinoic acid response pathway","volume":"345","author":"Mangelsdorf","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.6.3.329","article-title":"Characterization of three RXR genes that mediate the action of 9-cis retinoic acid","volume":"6","author":"Mangelsdorf","year":"1992","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05187.x","article-title":"H-2RII P (RXR \u03b2) heterodimerization provides a mechanism for combinatorial diversity in the regulation of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone response genes","volume":"11","author":"Marks","year":"1992","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(92)90155-A","article-title":"Retinoid receptors in vertebrate limb development","volume":"152","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/358236a0","article-title":"Targeted misexpression of Hox 4.6 in the avian limb bud causes apparent homeotic transformation","volume":"358","author":"Morgan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07849.x","article-title":"Effects of retinoic acid excess on expression of Hox 2.9 and Krox-20 and on morphological segmentation in the hindbrain of mouse embryos","volume":"19","author":"Morriss-Kay","year":"1991","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)96769-X","article-title":"Separation and isomerization of retinoic acid photoisomers","volume":"481","author":"Motto","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/350083a0","article-title":"Retinoic acid induces polarizing activity but is unlikely to be a morphogen in the chick limb bud","volume":"350","author":"Noji","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/330444a0","article-title":"A human retinoic acid receptor which belongs to the family of nuclear receptors","volume":"330","author":"Petkovich","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00347a058","article-title":"Studies on the catalized interconversions of vitamin A derivatives","volume":"105","author":"Rando","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.111.3.771","article-title":"A member of the RXR nuclear receptor family is expressed in the neural-crest-derived cells of the developing peripheral nervous system","volume":"111","author":"Rowe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.108.2.213","article-title":"Specific spatial and temporal distribution of retinoic acid receptor gamma transcripts during mouse embryogenesis","volume":"108","author":"Ruberte","year":"1990","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.115.4.973","article-title":"Differential distribution patterns of CRABP I and CRABP II transcripts during mouse embryogenesis","volume":"115","author":"Ruberte","year":"1992","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.5.2.175","article-title":"Retinoic acid modifies mesodermal patterning in early Xenopus embryos","volume":"5","author":"Ruiz i Altaba","year":"1991","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C50","first-page":"78","article-title":"Ectodermal-mesenchymal interactions in the origin of wing symmetry","volume-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal Interactions","author":"Saunders","year":"1968"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(92)90141-3","article-title":"Position-dependence of retinoic acid receptor-\u03b2 gene expression in the chick limb bud","volume":"152","author":"Schofield","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.4.6.932","article-title":"Identification of a retinoic acid-sensitive period during primary axis formation in Xenopus laevis","volume":"4","author":"Sive","year":"1990","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.111.1.245","article-title":"Temporal and regional differences in the expression pattern of distinct retinoic acid receptor-\u03b2 transcripts in the chick embryo","volume":"111","author":"Smith","year":"1991","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C54","first-page":"269","article-title":"The effect of local application of retinoic acid to the anterior margin of the developing chick limb","volume":"78","author":"Summerbell","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Embryol. Exp. Morph."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.114.4.841","article-title":"Respecification of the axial pattern by retinoic acid in the early chick embryo","volume":"114","author":"Sundin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90612-3","article-title":"Retinoids, homeoboxes, and growth factors: towards molecular models for limb development","volume":"66","author":"Tabin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1038\/345815a0","article-title":"Isolation of 3,4-didehydroretinoic acid, a novel morphogenetic signal in the chick wing bud","volume":"345","author":"Thaller","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C58","first-page":"113","article-title":"Retinoic acid and chick limb bud development","volume":"1","author":"Tickle","year":"1991","journal-title":"Development 1991 Supplement"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C59","first-page":"199","article-title":"Positional signalling and specification of digits in chick limb morphogenesis","volume-title":"Nature","author":"Tickle","year":"1975"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/296564a0","article-title":"Local application of retinoic acid to the limb bud mimics the action of the polarizing region","volume":"296","author":"Tickle","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(85)90348-3","article-title":"A quantitative analysis of the effect of all-trans-retinoic acid on the pattern of chick wing development","volume":"109","author":"Tickle","year":"1985","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90020-Y","article-title":"Direct repeats as selective response elements for the thyroid hormone, retinoic acid and vitamin D3 receptors","volume":"65","author":"Umesono","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/350081a0","article-title":"Conversion by retinoic acid of anterior cells into ZPA cells in the chick wing bud","volume":"350","author":"Wanek","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C64","first-page":"31","article-title":"Pattern formation in the facial primordia","volume-title":"Development","author":"Wedden","year":"1988"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90301-E","article-title":"RXR\u03b2: A coregulator that enhances Binding of retinoic acid, thyroid hormone, and vitamin D receptors to their cognate response elements","volume":"67","author":"Yu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/355441a0","article-title":"Retinoid X receptor is an auxiliary protein for thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors","volume":"355","author":"Zhang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024121723030531900_DEVELOP_118_3_957C67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/358587a0","article-title":"Homodimer formation of retinoid X receptor induced by 9-cis retinoic acid","volume":"358","author":"Zhang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article-pdf\/118\/3\/957\/3591902\/develop_118_3_957.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article-pdf\/118\/3\/957\/3591902\/develop_118_3_957.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T23:03:15Z","timestamp":1734476595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article\/118\/3\/957\/37924\/9-cis-retinoic-acid-a-potent-inducer-of-digit"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,7,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.118.3.957","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-1991","1477-9129"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0950-1991"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1477-9129"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,7,1]]}}}