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In response to this gradient, the zygotic gene hunchback is expressed uniformly in the anterior half of the embryo in a nearly all- or-none manner. In this report we demonstrate that a recombinant Bicoid protein binds cooperatively to its sites within a hunchback enhancer element. A less than 4-fold increase in Bicoid concentration is sufficient to achieve an unbound\/bound transition in DNA binding. Using various biochemical and genetic methods we further demonstrate that Bicoid molecules can interact with each other. Our results are consistent with previous studies performed in the embryo, and they suggest that one mechanism to achieve a sharp on\/off switch of gene expression in response to a morphogenetic gradient is cooperative DNA binding facilitated by protein-protein interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.4.1195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T02:39:01Z","timestamp":1619404741000},"page":"1195-1206","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["The <i>Drosophila<\/i> morphogenetic protein Bicoid binds DNA cooperatively"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Xiuguang","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati College of Medicine 1 Division of Developmental Biology, Children\u2019s Hospital Research Foundation, and Graduate Program in Developmental Biology , , 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati College of Medicine 1 Division of Developmental Biology, Children\u2019s Hospital Research Foundation, and Graduate Program in Developmental Biology , , 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Diepold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , , 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Scarborough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati College of Medicine 1 Division of Developmental Biology, Children\u2019s Hospital Research Foundation, and Graduate Program in Developmental Biology , , 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati College of Medicine 1 Division of Developmental Biology, Children\u2019s Hospital Research Foundation, and Graduate Program in Developmental Biology , , 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025021322433251000_DEVELOP_122_4_1195C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(83)01014-9","article-title":"Expression of genes in yeast using the ADC1 promoter","volume":"101","author":"Ammerer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Meth. 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