{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:40:41Z","timestamp":1791225641880,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,7,1]],"date-time":"1996-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":836179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The eye is the organ whose development is the most frequently altered in response to maternal vitamin A deficiency [VAD; Warkany, J. and Schraffenberger, S. (1946). Archs Ophthalmol. 35, 150-169]. With the exception of prenatal retinal dysplasia, all the ocular abnormalities of the fetal VAD syndrome are recapitulated in mouse mutants lacking either RAR\u03b1 and RAR\u03b22, RAR\u03b1 and RAR\u03b3? RAR\u03b3 and RAR\u03b22, or RXR\u03b1 [Lohnes, D., Mark, M., Mendelsohn, C., Doll\u00e9, P., Dierich, A., Gorry, P., Gansmuller, A. and Chambon, P. (1994) Development 120, 27232748; Mendelsohn, C., Lohnes, D. D\u00e9cimo, D., Lufkin, T., LeMeur, M., Chambon, P. and Mark, M. (1994) Development 120, 2749-2771; Kastner, P., Grondona, J. Mark, M., Gansmuller, A., LeMeur, M., D\u00e9cimo, D., Vonesch, J.L., Doll\u00e9, P. and Chambon, P. (1994) Cell 78, 987-1003], thus demonstrating that retinoic acid (RA) is the active vitamin A metabolite during prenatal eye morphogenesis. Whether retinoids are also involved in postnatal eye development could not be investigated, as VAD newborns are not viable and the above RAR double null mutants and RXR\u03b1 null mutants died in utero or at birth.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>We report here the generation of viable RAR\u03b22\/RAR\u03b32 double null mutant mice, which exhibit several eye defects. The neural retina of newborn RAR\u03b22\u03b32 mutants is thinner than normal due to a reduced rate of cell proliferation, and from day 4 shows multiple foci of disorganization of its layers. These RAR\u03b22\u03b32 mutants represent the first genetically characterized model of retinal dysplasia and their phenotype demonstrates that RARs, and therefore RA, are required for retinal histogenesis. The RAR\u03b22\u03b32 retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells display histological and\/or ultrastructural alterations and\/or fail to express cellular retinol binding protein I (CRBPI). Taken altogether, the early onset of the RPE histological defects and their striking colocalisation with areas of the neural retina displaying a faulty laminar organization, a reduced neuroblastic proliferation, and a lack of photoreceptor differentiation and\/or increased apoptosis, make the RPE a likely target tissue of the RAR\u03b22\u03b32 double null mutation. A degeneration of the adult neural retina, which may similarly be secondary to a defective RPE, is also observed in these mutants, thus demonstrating an essential role of RA in the survival of retinal cells. Moreover, all RAR\u03b22\u03b32 mutants display defects in structures derived from the periocular mesenchyme including local agenesis of the choroid and of the sclera, small eyelids, and a persistence of the primary mesenchymal vitreous body. A majority of the RAR\u03b22 single null mutants also exhibit this latter defect, thus demonstrating that the RAR\u03b22 isoform plays a unique role in the formation of the definitive vitreous body.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.7.2173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T02:41:22Z","timestamp":1619404882000},"page":"2173-2188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Retinal dysplasia and degeneration in RAR\u03b22\/RAR\u03b32 compound mutant mice"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Jes\u00fas M.","family":"Grondona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique et de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, CNRS \/ INSERM \/ ULP \/ Coll\u00e8ge de France , BP 163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, C.U. de Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Kastner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique et de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, CNRS \/ INSERM \/ ULP \/ Coll\u00e8ge de France , BP 163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, C.U. de Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Gansmuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique et de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, CNRS \/ INSERM \/ ULP \/ Coll\u00e8ge de France , BP 163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, C.U. de Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"D\u00e9cimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique et de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, CNRS \/ INSERM \/ ULP \/ Coll\u00e8ge de France , BP 163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, C.U. de Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Chambon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique et de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, CNRS \/ INSERM \/ ULP \/ Coll\u00e8ge de France , BP 163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, C.U. de Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Mark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique et de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, CNRS \/ INSERM \/ ULP \/ Coll\u00e8ge de France , BP 163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, C.U. de Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025021323033234500_DEVELOP_122_7_2173C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0995-884","article-title":"Vitamin A megatherapy for retinal abnormalities","volume":"1","author":"Acott","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"2025021323033234500_DEVELOP_122_7_2173C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3110","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.7.3110","article-title":"Developmental abnormalities in cultured mouse embryos deprived of retinoic acid by inhibition of yolk-sac retinol binding protein synthesis","volume":"93","author":"B\u00e5vik","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. 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