{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:09:03Z","timestamp":1785535743325,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,8,1]],"date-time":"1996-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":838857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The integrin \u03b16 subunit pairs with both the \u03b21 and \u03b24 subunits to form a subfamily of laminin receptors. Here we report the cDNA cloning and primary sequence for the Xenopus homologue of the mammalian integrin \u03b16 subunit. We present data demonstrating the spatial and temporal expression of \u03b16 mRNA and protein during early development. Initially, \u03b16 transcripts are expressed in the dorsal ectoderm and future neural plate at the end of gastrulation. Later in development, \u03b16 mRNAs are expressed in a variety of neural derivatives, including the developing sensory placodes (otic and olfactory) and commissural neurons within the neural tube. Integrin \u03b16 is also expressed in the elongating pronephric duct as well as a subset of the rhombencephalic neural crest, which will form the Schwann cells lining several cranial nerves (VII, VIII and X). In vivo expression of an \u03b16 antisense transcript in the animal hemisphere leads to a reduction in \u03b16 protein expression, a loss of adhesion to laminin, and severe defects in normal development. In 35% of cases, reduced levels of \u03b16 expression result in embryos that complete gastrulation normally but arrest at neurulation prior to the formation of the neural plate. In an additional 22% of cases, embryos develop with severe axial defects, including complete loss of head or tail structures. In contrast, overexpression of the \u03b16 subunit by injection of full-length mRNA has no apparent effect on embryonic development. Co-injection of antisense and sense plasmid constructs results in a partial rescue of the antisense-generated phenotypes. These data indicate that the integrin \u03b16 subunit is critical for the early development of the nervous system in amphibians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.8.2539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T02:49:41Z","timestamp":1619405381000},"page":"2539-2554","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Integrin \u03b16 expression is required for early nervous system development in <i>Xenopus laevis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Lallier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Center , , Health Sciences Center, Box 439, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Whittaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Center , , Health Sciences Center, Box 439, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas W.","family":"DeSimone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Center , , Health Sciences Center, Box 439, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025021323065268800_DEVELOP_122_8_2539C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90239-X","article-title":"A developmentally regulated activity that unwinds RNA duplexes","volume":"48","author":"Bass","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025021323065268800_DEVELOP_122_8_2539C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.99.5.1822","article-title":"Biologically active synthetic peptides as probes of embryonic development: a competitive peptide inhibitor of fibronectin function inhibits gastrulation in amphibian embryos and neural crest cell migration in avian embryos","volume":"99","author":"Boucaut","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. 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