{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:12:57Z","timestamp":1791353577703,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,1,1]],"date-time":"1997-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":852076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The correct patterning of vertebrate skeletal elements is controlled by inductive interactions. Two vertebrate hedgehog proteins, Sonic hedgehog and Indian hedgehog, have been implicated in skeletal development. During somite differentiation and limb development, Sonic hedgehog functions as an inductive signal from the notochord, floor plate and zone of polarizing activity. Later in skeletogenesis, Indian hedgehog functions as a regulator of chondrogenesis during endochondral ossification. The vertebrate Gli zinc finger proteins are putative transcription factors that respond to Hedgehog signaling. In Drosophila, the Gli homolog cubitus interruptus is required for the activation of hedgehog targets and also functions as a repressor of hedgehog expression. We show here that Gli2 mutant mice exhibit severe skeletal abnormalities including cleft palate, tooth defects, absence of vertebral body and intervertebral discs, and shortened limbs and sternum. Interestingly, Gli2 and Gli3 (C.-c. Hui and A. L. Joyner (1993). Nature Genet. 3, 241-246) mutant mice exhibit different subsets of skeletal defects indicating that they implement specific functions in the development of the neural crest, somite and lateral plate mesoderm derivatives. Although Gli2 and Gli3 are not functionally equivalent, double mutant analysis indicates that, in addition to their specific roles, they also serve redundant functions during skeletal development. The role of Gli2 and Gli3 in Hedgehog signaling during skeletal development is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.1.113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T22:43:01Z","timestamp":1619390581000},"page":"113-123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":548,"title":["Specific and redundant functions of\n                    <i>Gli2<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Gli3<\/i>\n                    zinc finger genes in skeletal patterning and development"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Rong","family":"Mo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"555 University Avenue 1 Program in Developmental Biology and Division of Endocrinology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children , , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Marie","family":"Freer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"555 University Avenue 1 Program in Developmental Biology and Division of Endocrinology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children , , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawn L.","family":"Zinyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"555 University Avenue 1 Program in Developmental Biology and Division of Endocrinology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children , , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada"},{"name":"University of Toronto 2 Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics , , Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Crackower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto 2 Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics , , Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"5 Department of Genetics, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Michaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry H.-Q.","family":"Heng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5 Department of Genetics, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Wai","family":"Chik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong 6 Department of Paediatrics , , Shatin, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Mei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5 Department of Genetics, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lap-Chee","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto 2 Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics , , Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"5 Department of Genetics, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuk Han","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong 6 Department of Paediatrics , , Shatin, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra L.","family":"Joyner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto 2 Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics , , Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"3 Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada"},{"name":"New York University 4 Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine , , New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-chung","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"555 University Avenue 1 Program in Developmental Biology and Division of Endocrinology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children , , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada"},{"name":"University of Toronto 2 Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics , , Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"3 Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025021400083654900_DEVELOP_124_1_113C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1995.0010","article-title":"Hedgehog and Bmp genes are coexpressed at many diverse sites of cell-cell interaction in the mouse embryo","volume":"172","author":"Bitgood","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dev. 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