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TGF\u03b22-null mice exhibit perinatal mortality and a wide range of developmental defects for a single gene disruption. These include cardiac, lung, craniofacial, limb, spinal column, eye, inner ear and urogenital defects. The developmental processes most commonly involved in the affected tissues include epithelial-mesenchymal interac-tions, cell growth, extracellular matrix production and tissue remodeling. In addition, many affected tissues have neural crest-derived components and simulate neural crest deficiencies. There is no phenotypic overlap with TGF\u03b21- and TGF \u03b23-null mice indicating numerous non-compen-sated functions between the TGF\u03b2 isoforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.13.2659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T15:12:01Z","timestamp":1619190721000},"page":"2659-2670","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1221,"title":["TGF\u03b22 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGF\u03b2 knockout phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"L. 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Gittenberger-de","family":"Groot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Department of Anatomy, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannu","family":"Sariola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki 4 Institute of Biotechnology , , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati 4 Otolaryngology , , Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory P.","family":"Boivin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati 5 Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , , Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma Lou","family":"Cardell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati 6 Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy , , Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Doetschman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati 1 Departments of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology , , Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025021403572932400_DEVELOP_124_13_2659C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420420604","article-title":"Retinoic acid-induced alterations in the expression of growth factors in embryonic mouse palatal shelves","volume":"42","author":"Abbott","year":"1990","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"2025021403572932400_DEVELOP_124_13_2659C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000429697","article-title":"Embryology of the eye and its adnexae","volume":"24","author":"Barishak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev. 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