{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:28:16Z","timestamp":1791329296432,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,15]],"date-time":"1999-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":921456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>On the basis of developmental gene expression, the vertebrate central nervous system comprises: a forebrain plus anterior midbrain, a midbrain-hindbrain boundary region (MHB) having organizer properties, and a rhombospinal domain. The vertebrate MHB is characterized by position, by organizer properties and by being the early site of action of Wnt1 and engrailed genes, and of genes of the Pax2\/5\/8 subfamily. Wada and others (Wada, H., Saiga, H., Satoh, N. and Holland, P. W. H. (1998) Development 125, 1113-1122) suggested that ascidian tunicates have a vertebrate-like MHB on the basis of ascidian Pax258 expression there. In another invertebrate chordate, amphioxus, comparable gene expression evidence for a vertebrate-like MHB is lacking. We, therefore, isolated and characterized AmphiPax2\/5\/8, the sole member of this subfamily in amphioxus. AmphiPax2\/5\/8 is initially expressed well back in the rhombospinal domain and not where a MHB would be expected. In contrast, most of the other expression domains of AmphiPax2\/5\/8 correspond to expression domains of vertebrate Pax2, Pax5 and Pax8 in structures that are probably homologous \u2013 support cells of the eye, nephridium, thyroid-like structures and pharyngeal gill slits; although AmphiPax2\/5\/8 is not transcribed in any structures that could be interpreted as homologues of vertebrate otic placodes or otic vesicles. In sum, the developmental expression of AmphiPax2\/5\/8 indicates that the amphioxus central nervous system lacks a MHB resembling the vertebrate isthmic region. Additional gene expression data for the developing ascidian and amphioxus nervous systems would help determine whether a MHB is a basal chordate character secondarily lost in amphioxus. The alternative is that the MHB is a vertebrate innovation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.6.1295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T03:58:45Z","timestamp":1619409525000},"page":"1295-1304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Characterization of an amphioxus paired box gene,<i>AmphiPax2\/5\/8<\/i>: developmental expression patterns in optic support cells, nephridium, thyroid-like structures and pharyngeal gill slits, but not in the midbrain-hindbrain boundary region"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Zbynek","family":"Kozmik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo 2, 16637 Prague 6, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas D.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kalousova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo 2, 16637 Prague 6, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Paces","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo 2, 16637 Prague 6, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda Z.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023090516044608100_DEVELOP_126_6_1295C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410050923","article-title":"Pax-2 in the chiasm","volume":"290","author":"Alvarez-Bolado","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell Tiss. 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