{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:32:49Z","timestamp":1790829169466,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]],"date-time":"2000-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":967766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Bones of the postcranial skeleton of higher vertebrates originate from either somitic mesoderm or somatopleural layer of the lateral plate mesoderm. Controversy surrounds the origin of the scapula, a major component of the shoulder girdle, with both somitic and lateral plate origins being proposed. Abnormal scapular development has been described in the naturally occurring undulated series of mouse mutants, which has implicated Pax1 in the formation of this bone. Here we addressed the development of the scapula, firstly, by analysing the relationship between Pax1 expression and chondrogenesis and, secondly, by determining the developmental origin of the scapula using chick quail chimeric analysis. We show the following. (1) The scapula develops in a rostral-to-caudal direction and overt chondrification is preceded by an accumulation of Pax1-expressing cells. (2) The scapular head and neck are of lateral plate mesodermal origin. (3) In contrast, the scapular blade is composed of somitic cells. (4) Unlike the Pax1-positive cells of the vertebral column, which are of sclerotomal origin, the Pax1-positive cells of the scapular blade originate from the dermomyotome. (5) Finally, we show that cells of the scapular blade are organised into spatially restricted domains along its rostrocaudal axis in the same order as the somites from which they originated. Our results imply that the scapular blade is an ossifying muscular insertion rather than an original skeletal element, and that the scapular head and neck are homologous to the \u2018true coracoid\u2019 of higher vertebrates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.17.3789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T04:19:25Z","timestamp":1619410765000},"page":"3789-3794","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Dual origin and segmental organisation of the avian scapula"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Ruijin","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Anatomisches Institut der Universit\u00e4t Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qixia","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Anatomisches Institut der Universit\u00e4t Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ketan","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Reading 2 , Zoology Division, Whiteknights, PO Box 228, Reading RG66AJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Wilting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Anatomisches Institut der Universit\u00e4t Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bodo","family":"Christ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Anatomisches Institut der Universit\u00e4t Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023032901202192600_","first-page":"532","volume":"55","author":"Balling","year":"1988","journal-title":"Undulated, a mutation affecting the development of the mouse skeleton has a point mutation in the paired box of Pax-1. Cell"},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","first-page":"45","article-title":"Osteologia","volume-title":"Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium","author":"Baumel","year":"1993"},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","volume-title":"Proximal Elements in the Vertebrate Limb: Evolutionary and Developmental Origin of the Pectoral Girdle.","author":"Burke","year":"1991"},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/31.4.616","article-title":"The development and evolution of the turtle body plan: inferring intrinsic aspects of the evolutionary process from experimental embryology","volume":"31","author":"Burke","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. Zool"},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.2.333","article-title":"Hox genes and the evolution of vertebrate axial morphology","volume":"121","author":"Burke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","first-page":"275","article-title":"Origine des ceintures scapulaires et pelviennes chez l\u2019embryon d\u2019oiseau","volume":"42","author":"Chevallier","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Embryol. Exp. Morph."},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00304424","article-title":"Early stages of chick somite development","volume":"191","author":"Christ","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol"},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(11)80337-7","article-title":"From somites to vertebral column","volume":"174","author":"Christ","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. 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Embryol."},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90577-6","article-title":"Pax-1, a member of a paired box homologous murine gene family, is expressed in segmented structures during development","volume":"53","author":"Deutsch","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(99)00018-0","article-title":"Evidence that Hoxa expression domains are evolutionarily transposed in spinal ganglia, and are established by forward spreading in paraxial mesoderm","volume":"82","author":"Gaunt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mech Dev."},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02986800","article-title":"Genetical studies on the skeleton of the mouse. II. Undulated and its \u2018modifiers\u2019","volume":"50","author":"Gr\u00fcneberg","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Genet."},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050880104","article-title":"A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo","volume":"88","author":"Hamburger","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Morph"},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","volume-title":"Lillie\u2019s Development of the Chick.","author":"Hamilton","year":"1952"},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1159\/000147811","article-title":"Function of somite and somitocoele cells in the formation of the vertebral motion segment in avian embryos","volume":"155","author":"Huang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta. Anat."},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.3.527","article-title":"Sclerotomal origin of the ribs","volume":"127","author":"Huang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","first-page":"313","article-title":"Skeletal systems","volume-title":"Vertebrates-Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution","author":"Kardong","year":"1995"},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90574-I","article-title":"Homeotic transformations of murine vertebras and concomitant alteration of hox codes induced by retinoic acid","volume":"67","author":"Kessel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(72)90133-9","article-title":"Early regionalization of the somite mesoderm as studied by the development of the axial skeleton of the chick embryo","volume":"28","author":"Kieny","year":"1972","journal-title":"Dev. 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Belg."},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","volume-title":"Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Hausv\u00f6gel.","author":"Nickel","year":"1992"},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-679X(08)60630-5","article-title":"In situ hybridization analysis of chick embryos in whole mount and tissue sections","volume":"51","author":"Nieto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Methods Cell Biol."},{"key":"2023032901202192600_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-437X(93)90095-7","article-title":"Evolution and role of Pax genes","volume":"3","author":"Noll","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. 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