{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T19:07:31Z","timestamp":1770145651938,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,15]],"date-time":"2000-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":968976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A central feature of the tetrapod body plan is that two pairs of limbs develop at specific positions along the head-to-tail axis. However, the potential to form limbs in chick embryos is more widespread. This could have implications for understanding the basis of limb abnormalities. Here we extend the analysis to mouse embryos and examine systematically the potential of tissues in different regions outside the limbs to contribute to limb structures. We show that the ability of ectoderm to form an apical ridge in response to FGF4 in both mouse and chick embryos exists throughout the flank as does ability of mesenchyme to provide a polarizing region signal. In addition, neck tissue has weak polarizing activity. We show, in chick embryos, that polarizing activity of tissues correlates with the ability either to express Shh or to induce Shh expression. We also show that cells from chick tail can give rise to limb structures. Taken together these observations suggest that naturally occurring polydactyly could involve recruitment of cells from regions adjacent to the limb buds. We show that cells from neck, flank and tail can migrate into limb buds in response to FGF4, which mimics extension of the apical ectodermal ridge. Furthermore, when we apply simultaneously a polarizing signal and a limb induction signal to early chick flank, this leads to limb duplications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.18.4011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T19:56:47Z","timestamp":1619207807000},"page":"4011-4021","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Distribution of polarizing activity and potential for limb formation in mouse and chick embryos and possible relationships to polydactyly"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Mikiko","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee, Dow Street 1 Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre , , Dundee DD1 5EH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Cohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Reading 2 School of Animal and Microbial Science , , Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Ashby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee, Dow Street 1 Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre , , Dundee DD1 5EH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Davey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee, Dow Street 1 Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre , , Dundee DD1 5EH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London 3 Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Anatomy Building , , Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheryll","family":"Tickle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee, Dow Street 1 Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre , , Dundee DD1 5EH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023051123260561500_DEVELOP_127_18_4011C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6408(1996)19:1&lt;51::AID-DVG6&gt;3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Ectopic expression of Fgf-4 in chimeric mouse embryos induces the expression of early markers of limb development in the lateral ridge","volume":"19","author":"Abud","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev. 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