{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:03:12Z","timestamp":1790712192476,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"16","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cranial neural crest (CNC) cells migrate extensively, typically in a pattern of cell streams. In Xenopus, these cells express the adhesion molecule Xcadherin-11 (Xcad-11) as they begin to emigrate from the neural fold. In order to study the function of this molecule, we have overexpressed wild-type Xcad-11 as well as Xcad-11 mutants with cytoplasmic(\u0394cXcad-11) or extracellular (\u0394eXcad-11) deletions. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used to mark injected cells. We then transplanted parts of the fluorescent CNC at the premigratory stage into non-injected host embryos. This altered not only migration, but also the expression of neural crest markers.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Migration of transplanted cranial neural crest cells was blocked when full-length Xcad-11 or its mutant lacking the \u03b2-catenin-binding site(\u0394cXcad-11) was overexpressed. In addition, the expression of neural crest markers (AP-2, Snail and twist) diminished within the first four hours after grafting, and disappeared completely after 18 hours. Instead, these grafts expressed neural markers (2G9, nrp-1 andN-Tubulin). \u03b2-catenin co-expression, heterotopic transplantation of CNC cells into the pharyngeal pouch area or both in combination failed to prevent neural differentiation of the grafts.<\/jats:p><jats:p>By contrast, \u0394eXcad-11 overexpression resulted in premature emigration of cells from the transplants. The AP-2 and Snailpatterns remained unaffected in these migrating grafts, while twistexpression was strongly reduced. Co-expression of \u0394eXcad-11 and\u03b2-catenin was able to rescue the loss of twist expression,indicating that Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signalling is required to maintaintwist expression during migration.<\/jats:p><jats:p>These results show that migration is a prerequisite for neural crest differentiation. Endogenous Xcad-11 delays CNC migration. Xcad-11 expression must, however, be balanced, as overexpression prevents migration and leads to neural marker expression. Although Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signalling is required to sustain twist expression during migration, it is not sufficient to block neural differentiation in non-migrating grafts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.16.3049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T05:53:39Z","timestamp":1619416419000},"page":"3049-3060","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["<i>Xenopus<\/i>cadherin-11 restrains cranial neural crest migration and influences neural crest specification"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"Annette","family":"Borchers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5120,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Wedlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Ulm, Germany"},{"name":"Author for correspondence at present address: Institute of Zoology II,University Karlsruhe (e-mail:doris.wedlich@zi2.uni-karlsruhe.de"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042604580660300_REF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akitaya, T. and Bronner-Fraser, M. 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