{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:04:10Z","timestamp":1791216250926,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,15]],"date-time":"2001-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":984614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Studies on the development of aggregated, isolated and rearranged blastomeres have engendered the view that in mammals, unlike most other animals, egg organization has no role in the genesis of asymmetries that are essential for cellular diversification and the specification of embryonic axes. Such asymmetries are assumed to arise post- zygotically through interactions between initially naive cells. However, various findings are difficult to reconcile with this view. Here, a consistent relationship between the structure of the blastocyst and the two-cell stage in the mouse has been found using a strictly non-invasive marking technique: injection of small oil drops into the substance of the zona pellicuda. This has revealed that both the embryonic-abembryonic axis of the blastocyst and its plane of bilateral symmetry are normally orthogonal to the plane of first cleavage. This relationship was also seen when denuded two-cell conceptuses were prevented from rotating during subsequent cleavage by immobilizing them in a gel. Therefore, during normal mouse development the axes of the blastocyst, which have been implicated in establishing those of the fetus, are already specified by the onset of cleavage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.6.839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T04:39:33Z","timestamp":1619411973000},"page":"839-847","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":180,"title":["Specification of embryonic axes begins before cleavage in normal mouse development"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"R. L.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mammalian Development Laboratory, University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(82)90384-0","article-title":"Allocation of cells to the inner cell mass and trophectoderm lineages in the preimplantation mouse embryo","volume":"90","author":"Balakier","year":"1982","journal-title":"Dev. Biol"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01499-1","article-title":"Anterior patterning in the mouse","volume":"14","author":"Beddington","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80560-7","article-title":"Axis development and early asymmetry in mammals","volume":"96","author":"Beddington","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.16.3467","article-title":"Animal and vegetal poles of the mouse egg predict the polarity of the embryonic axis, yet are nonessential for development","volume":"127","author":"Ciemerych","year":"2000","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0900019","article-title":"Microencapsulation of single, multiple, and zona pellucida-free mouse preimplantation embryos in sodium alginate and their development in vitro","volume":"90","author":"Cosby","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(85)90120-4","article-title":"Cell fate in the polar trophectoderm of mouse blastocysts as studied by microinjection of cell lineage tracers","volume":"112","author":"Cruz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Dev. Biol"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402450210","article-title":"Biophysical properties of the zona pellucida measured by capillary suction: is zona hardening a mechanical phenomenon","volume":"245","author":"Drobnis","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.100.4.685","article-title":"Do trophectoderm and inner mass cells in the mouse blastocyst maintain discrete lineages?","volume":"100","author":"Dyce","year":"1987","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00636335","article-title":"Role of ooplasmic segregation in mammalian development","volume":"203","author":"Evsikov","year":"1994","journal-title":"Roux\u2019s Arch. Dev. Biol"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(87)90055-8","article-title":"A quantitative analysis of cell allocation to trophectoderm and inner cell mass in the mouse blastocyst","volume":"119","author":"Fleming","year":"1987","journal-title":"Dev. Biol"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.100.1.125","article-title":"The establishment of the embryonic-abembryonic axis in the mouse embryo","volume":"100","author":"Garbutt","year":"1987","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138039","article-title":"Mouse embryo cleavage, metabolism and viability; role of medium composition","volume":"8","author":"Gardner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C13","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Establishing a Successful Human Pregnancy. Serono Symposia Publications (Vol. 66)","author":"Gardner","year":"1990"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402640409","article-title":"Is the anterior-posterior axis of the fetus specified before implantation in the mouse","volume":"264","author":"Gardner.","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/2.1.3","article-title":"Can developmentally significant spatial patterning of the egg be discounted in mammals","volume":"2","author":"Gardner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019528","article-title":"Clonal analysis of growth of the polar trophectoderm in the mouse","volume":"11","author":"Gardner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.2.289","article-title":"The early blastocyst is bilaterally symmetrical and its axis of symmetry is aligned with the animal-vegetal axis of the zygote in the mouse","volume":"124","author":"Gardner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0070-2153(08)60452-4","article-title":"Axial relations between egg and embryo in the mouse","volume":"39","author":"Gardner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(01)03009-1","article-title":"The initial phase of embryonic patterning in mammals","volume":"203","author":"Gardner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cytol"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.3.694","article-title":"Flow of cells from polar to mural trophectoderm is polarized in the mouse blastocyst","volume":"15","author":"Gardner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C21","first-page":"53","article-title":"Features of cell lineage in preimplantation mouse development","volume":"48","author":"Graham","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C22","first-page":"175","article-title":"Sequence and regulation of morphological and molecular events during the first cycle of mouse embryogenesis","volume":"87","author":"Howlett","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050260205","article-title":"The development of the albino rat, Mus norvegicus albinus. I. From the pronuclear stage to the stage of the mesoderm anlage: end of the first to the end of the 9th day","volume":"26","author":"Huber","year":"1915","journal-title":"J. Morphol"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0310007","article-title":"Rapidity of removal in vitro of the cumulus oophorus and the zona pellucida in different strains of mice","volume":"31","author":"Krzanowska","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137633","article-title":"Production of normal mice from oocytes fertilized and developed without zona pellucida","volume":"7","author":"Naito","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C26","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Mammalian Development: A Practical Approach","author":"Pratt","year":"1987"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.1120030310","article-title":"Ovoperoxidase activity in ionophore treated mouse eggs. II. Evidence for the enzyme\u2019s role in hardening the zona pellucida","volume":"3","author":"Schmell","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gamete Res"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C28","first-page":"257","article-title":"Embryonic axis orientation in the mouse and its correlation with blastocysts relationship to uterus: Part I. Relationships between 82 hours and 4 1\/2 days","volume":"55","author":"Smith","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod53.2.431","article-title":"Fertilization in vitro of mouse ova from inbred and outbred strains:complete preimplantation embryo development in glucose-supplemented KSOM","volume":"53","author":"Summers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(84)90198-2","article-title":"Spatial distribution of blastomeres is dependent on cell division order and interactions in mouse morulae","volume":"102","author":"Surani","year":"1984","journal-title":"Dev. Biol"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402400115","article-title":"Effect of cutting the zona pellucida on pronuclear transplantation in the mouse","volume":"240","author":"Tsunoda","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool"},{"key":"2023051200344304700_DEVELOP_128_6_839C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5591","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.24.5591","article-title":"Polarity of the mouse embryo is anticipated before implantation","volume":"126","author":"Weber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Development"}],"container-title":["Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article-pdf\/128\/6\/839\/2846113\/develop_128_6_839.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article-pdf\/128\/6\/839\/2846113\/develop_128_6_839.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T00:35:01Z","timestamp":1683851701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article\/128\/6\/839\/41507\/Specification-of-embryonic-axes-begins-before"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,15]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.128.6.839","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-1991","1477-9129"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-1991","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-9129","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,15]]}}}