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During murine villus development, epithelial Hedgehog signals promote aggregation of sub-epithelial mesenchymal clusters that drive villus emergence. Clusters arise first dorsally and proximally and spread over the entire intestine within 24-hours, but the mechanism driving this pattern in the murine intestine is unknown. In the chick, the driver of cluster pattern is tensile force from developing smooth muscle, which generates deep longitudinal epithelial folds that locally concentrate the Hh signal, promoting localized expression of cluster genes. In contrast, we show that in the mouse, muscle-induced epithelial folding does not occur and artificial deformation of the epithelium does not determine the pattern of clusters or villi. In intestinal explants, modulation of Bmp signaling alters the spatial distribution of clusters and changes the pattern of emerging villi. Increasing Bmp signaling abolishes cluster formation while inhibiting Bmp signaling leads to merged clusters. These dynamic changes in cluster pattern are faithfully simulated by a mathematical model of a Turing field in which an inhibitor of Bmp signaling acts as the Turing activator. In vivo, genetic interruption of Bmp signal reception in either epithelium or mesenchyme reveals that Bmp signaling in Hh-responsive mesenchymal cells controls cluster pattern. Thus, unlike the chick, the murine villus patterning system is independent of muscle-induced epithelial deformation. Rather, a complex cocktail of Bmps and Bmp signal modulators secreted from mesenchymal clusters determines the pattern of villi in a manner that mimics the spread of a self-organizing Turing field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.130112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T02:49:28Z","timestamp":1451616568000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Villification in the mouse: Bmp signals control intestinal villus patterning"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"Katherine D.","family":"Walton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Whidden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c5sa","family":"Kolterud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Instituet, Novum SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Shoffner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Czerwinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhi","family":"Kushwaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishita","family":"Parmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepa","family":"Chandhrasekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Freddo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Schnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"},{"name":"Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah L.","family":"Gumucio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042608464325700_DEV130112C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4753","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.129.20.4753","article-title":"Gli2, but not Gli1, is required for initial Shh signaling and ectopic activation of the Shh pathway","volume":"129","author":"Bai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2021042608464325700_DEV130112C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.072493rb","article-title":"Waves and patterning in developmental biology: vertebrate segmentation and feather bud formation as case studies","volume":"53","author":"Baker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. 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