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The formation of a functional root depends on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and integration of the root with the jaw bone, blood supply and nerve innervations. The root development process therefore offers an attractive model for investigating organogenesis. Understanding how roots develop and how they can be bioengineered is also of great interest in the field of regenerative medicine. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tooth root formation. We review the function of cellular structure and components such as Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, cranial neural crest cells and stem cells residing in developing and adult teeth. We also highlight how complex signaling networks together with multiple transcription factors mediate tissue-tissue interactions that guide root development. Finally, we discuss the possible role of stem cells in establishing the crown-to-root transition, and provide an overview of root malformations and diseases in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.137216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]],"date-time":"2017-01-31T07:25:20Z","timestamp":1485847520000},"page":"374-384","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":233,"title":["Cellular and molecular mechanisms of tooth root development"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California 1 , 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 , USA"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology 2 Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration , , Beijing 100050 , People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Parada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California 1 , 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8943-0861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California 1 , 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2024061213221525500_DEV137216C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0177(199712)210:4&lt;383::AID-AJA3&gt;3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Expression patterns of bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) in the developing mouse tooth suggest roles in morphogenesis and cell differentiation","volume":"210","author":"\u00c5berg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev. 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