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In humans, untreated congenital hypothyroidism due to thyroid agenesis inevitably leads to cretinism, which comprises irreversible brain dysfunction and dwarfism. Elucidating how the thyroid gland \u2013 the only source of thyroid hormones in the body \u2013 develops is thus key for understanding and treating thyroid dysgenesis, and for generating thyroid cells in vitro that might be used for cell-based therapies. Here, we review the principal mechanisms involved in thyroid organogenesis and functional differentiation, highlighting how the thyroid forerunner evolved from the endostyle in protochordates to the endocrine gland found in vertebrates. New findings on the specification and fate decisions of thyroid progenitors, and the morphogenesis of precursor cells into hormone-producing follicular units, are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.145615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]],"date-time":"2017-06-20T07:30:11Z","timestamp":1497943811000},"page":"2123-2140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":264,"title":["Development of the thyroid gland"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"144","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2009-3131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikael","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, G\u00f6teborg SE-40530, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Fagman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, G\u00f6teborg SE-40530, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, G\u00f6teborg SE-41345, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042608550869300_DEV145615C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-009-9070-6","article-title":"Review: the role of neural crest cells in the endocrine system","volume":"20","author":"Adams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. 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