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However, previous studies have suggested that the first pharyngeal arch (PA1) is crucial for TM formation in both mouse and chick. In this study, we compare TM formation along the anterior-posterior axis in these animals using Hoxa2 expression as a marker of the second pharyngeal arch (PA2). In chick, the EAM begins to invaginate at the surface ectoderm of PA2, not at the first pharyngeal cleft, and the entire TM forms in PA2. Chick-quail chimera that have lost PA2 and duplicated PA1 suggest that TM formation is achieved by developmental interaction between a portion of the EAM and the columella auris in PA2, and that PA1 also contributes to formation of the remaining part of the EAM. By contrast, in mouse, TM formation is highly associated with an interdependent relationship between the EAM and tympanic ring in PA1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.149765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]],"date-time":"2017-08-15T00:20:10Z","timestamp":1502756410000},"page":"3315-3324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Differing contributions of the first and second pharyngeal arches to tympanic membrane formation in the mouse and chick"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"144","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3617-2360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshiko","family":"Furutera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 1 Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology , , 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7279-9243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaki","family":"Takechi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 1 Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology , , 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taro","family":"Kitazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo 2 Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism , , 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan"},{"name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) 3 Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) , , Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076 , Japan"},{"name":"Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Affiliated to the Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research 4 , Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junko","family":"Takei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 1 Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology , , 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takahiko","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 1 Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology , , 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tri","family":"Vu Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 1 Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology , , 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo M.","family":"Rijli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Affiliated to the Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research 4 , Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel , Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel 5 , Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Kurihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo 2 Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism , , 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan"},{"name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) 3 Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) , , Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076 , Japan"},{"name":"Institute for Biology and Mathematics of Dynamical Cell Processes (iBMath), The University of Tokyo 6 , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8914 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Kuratani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIKEN 7 Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory , , 2-2-3 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sachiko","family":"Iseki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 1 Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology , , 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549 , Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2024061215555356300_DEV149765C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01526.x","article-title":"Evolution of the mammalian middle ear and jaw: adaptations and novel structures","volume":"222","author":"Anthwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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