{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:09:51Z","timestamp":1790838591590,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Health","award":["R37 DE012711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37 DE012711"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Health","award":["U01 DE024421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DE024421"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Craniofacial development depends on cell-cell interactions, coordinated cellular movement and differentiation under the control of regulatory gene networks, which include the distal-less (Dlx) gene family. However, the functional significance of Dlx5 in patterning the oropharyngeal region has remained unknown. Here we show that loss of Dlx5 leads to a shortened soft palate and an absence of the levator veli palatini, palatopharyngeus, and palatoglossus muscles that are derived from the 4th pharyngeal arch (PA), but the tensor veli palatini, derived from the 1st PA, is unaffected. Dlx5-positive cranial neural crest (CNC) cells are in direct contact with myoblasts derived from the pharyngeal mesoderm, and Dlx5 disruption leads to altered proliferation and apoptosis of CNC and muscle progenitor cells. Moreover, the FGF10 pathway is downregulated in Dlx5-\/- mice, and activation of FGF10 signaling rescues CNC cell proliferation and myogenic differentiation in these mutant mice. Collectively, our results indicate that Dlx5 plays critical roles in patterning of the oropharyngeal region and development of muscles derived from the 4th PA mesoderm in the soft palate, likely via interactions between CNC-derived and myogenic progenitor cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.155176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]],"date-time":"2017-10-06T00:40:35Z","timestamp":1507250435000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Dlx5-FGF10 signaling cascade controls cranial neural crest and myoblast interaction during oropharyngeal patterning and development"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"Hideki","family":"Sugii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"},{"name":"Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Grimaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Parada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thach","family":"Vu-Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jifan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjun","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatological, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidefumi","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8943-0861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042609030680800_DEV155176C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.056929","article-title":"Downregulation of Dlx5 and Dlx6 expression by Hand2 is essential for initiation of tongue morphogenesis","volume":"138","author":"Barron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2021042609030680800_DEV155176C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2012.0049","article-title":"Strategies to improve regeneration of the soft palate muscles after cleft palate repair","volume":"18","author":"Carvajal Monroy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. 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