{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:40:48Z","timestamp":1790278848369,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]],"date-time":"2018-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515974400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F32DE023709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32DE023709"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1K99DE026823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K99DE026823"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R01 DE12728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01 DE12728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U01DE024429"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01DE024429"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The evolution of a hinged moveable jaw with variable morphology is considered a major factor behind the successful expansion of the vertebrates. DLX homeobox transcription factors are crucial for establishing the positional code that patterns the mandible, maxilla and intervening hinge domain, but how the genes encoding these proteins are regulated remains unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that the concerted action of the AP-2\u03b1 and AP-2\u03b2 transcription factors within the mouse neural crest is essential for jaw patterning. In the absence of these two proteins, the hinge domain is lost and there are alterations in the size and patterning of the jaws correlating with dysregulation of homeobox gene expression, with reduced levels of Emx, Msx and Dlx paralogs accompanied by an expansion of Six1 expression. Moreover, detailed analysis of morphological features and gene expression changes indicate significant overlap with various compound Dlx gene mutants. Together, these findings reveal that the AP-2 genes have a major function in mammalian neural crest development, influencing patterning of the craniofacial skeleton via the DLX code, an effect that has implications for vertebrate facial evolution, as well as for human craniofacial disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.157438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,26]],"date-time":"2018-01-26T01:10:48Z","timestamp":1516929048000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["AP-2\u03b1 and AP-2\u03b2 cooperatively orchestrate homeobox gene expression during branchial arch patterning"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5958-5742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Van Otterloo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus 1 Department of Craniofacial Biology , , Aurora, CO 80045 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5132-7252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus 1 Department of Craniofacial Biology , , Aurora, CO 80045 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7735-7935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado School of Medicine 2 Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant , , Aurora, CO 80045 \u2008 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2416-4603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus 1 Department of Craniofacial Biology , , Aurora, CO 80045 , USA"},{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus 3 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , , Aurora, CO 80045 , USA"},{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado 4 Department of Pediatrics , , Aurora, CO 80045 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024061223463394400_DEV157438C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.17.3795","article-title":"Craniofacial, vestibular and bone defects in mice lacking the Distal-less-related gene Dlx5","volume":"126","author":"Acampora","year":"1999","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024061223463394400_DEV157438C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.071670","article-title":"EYA1 and SIX1 drive the neuronal developmental program in cooperation with the SWI\/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex and SOX2 in the mammalian inner ear","volume":"139","author":"Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024061223463394400_DEV157438C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cr.7290185","article-title":"Msx homeobox gene family and craniofacial development","volume":"13","author":"Alappat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"2024061223463394400_DEV157438C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.129.11.2733","article-title":"Transcription factor AP-2gamma is essential in the extra-embryonic lineages for early postimplantation development","volume":"129","author":"Auman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024061223463394400_DEV157438C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5877","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00476-14","article-title":"Comparison of varicella-zoster virus RNA sequences in human neurons and fibroblasts","volume":"88","author":"Baird","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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