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We have previously reported that, in the mouse embryo, epithelial apoptosis mediates fusion at the seam where the prominences coalesce. Here, we show that apoptosis alone is not sufficient to remove the epithelial layers. We observed morphological changes in the seam epithelia, intermingling of cells of epithelial descent into the mesenchyme and molecular signatures of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Utilizing mouse lines with cephalic epithelium-specific Pbx loss exhibiting CL\/P, we demonstrate that these cellular behaviors are Pbx dependent, as is the transcriptional regulation of the EMT driver Snail1. Furthermore, in the embryo, the majority of epithelial cells expressing high levels of Snail1 do not undergo apoptosis. Pbx1 loss- and gain-of-function in a tractable epithelial culture system revealed that Pbx1 is both necessary and sufficient for EMT induction. This study establishes that Pbx-dependent EMT programs mediate murine upper lip\/primary palate morphogenesis and fusion via regulation of Snail1. Of note, the EMT signatures observed in the embryo are mirrored in the epithelial culture system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.157628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]],"date-time":"2018-02-08T09:49:19Z","timestamp":1518083359000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Face morphogenesis is promoted by Pbx-dependent EMT via regulation of <i>Snail1<\/i> during frontonasal prominence fusion"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Losa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Eli and Edyth Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research 1 Program in Craniofacial Biology , , Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Anatomy , , 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSW 710, San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco 1 Program in Craniofacial Biology , , Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Anatomy , , 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSW 710, San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Risolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Eli and Edyth Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research 1 Program in Craniofacial Biology , , Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Anatomy , , 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSW 710, San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco 1 Program in Craniofacial Biology , , Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Anatomy , , 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSW 710, San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingsi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medical College 2 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , , 1300 York Avenue, W-512, New York, NY 10065 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medical College 2 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , , 1300 York Avenue, W-512, New York, NY 10065 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medical College 2 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , , 1300 York Avenue, W-512, New York, NY 10065 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Grishina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medical College 2 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , , 1300 York Avenue, W-512, New York, NY 10065 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Denver 3 , Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene F.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Denver 3 , Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Lewicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medical College 2 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , , 1300 York Avenue, W-512, New York, NY 10065 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameer","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medical College 2 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , , 1300 York Avenue, W-512, New York, NY 10065 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Aho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Eli and Edyth Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research 1 Program in Craniofacial Biology , , Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Anatomy , , 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSW 710, San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco 1 Program in Craniofacial Biology , , Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Anatomy , , 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSW 710, San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Feenstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medical College 2 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , , 1300 York Avenue, W-512, New York, NY 10065 , USA"},{"name":"Karolinska Institute 4 , Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Nanna svartz v\u00e4g 2, 17177 Stockholm , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Theresa","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institute 4 , Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Nanna svartz v\u00e4g 2, 17177 Stockholm , Sweden"},{"name":"Weill Cornell Medical College 5 Department of Physiology and Biophysics , , 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony M. 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