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How the lens controls eye expansion and the underlying signalling pathways are very poorly defined. We identified RDH10, a gene crucial for retinoic acid synthesis during embryogenesis, as a key factor downregulated in the peripheral retina (presumptive ciliary body region) of lens-removed embryonic chicken eyes prior to overt reductions in eye size. This is associated with a significant decrease in retinoic acid synthesis by lens-removed eyes. Restoring retinoic acid signalling in lens-removed eyes by implanting beads soaked in retinoic acid or retinal, but not vitamin A, rescued eye size. Conversely, blocking retinoic acid synthesis decreased eye size in lens-containing eyes. Production of collagen II and collagen IX, which are major vitreal proteins, is also regulated by the lens and retinoic acid signalling. These data mechanistically link the known roles of both the lens and retinoic acid in normal eye development, and support a model whereby retinoic acid production by the peripheral retina acts downstream of the lens to support vitreous production and eye expansion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.167171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T14:35:20Z","timestamp":1539182120000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Lens-regulated retinoic acid signalling controls expansion of the developing eye"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Jonathan N.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0805-6220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather M.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7146-4254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Kings College, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8111-475X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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