{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T20:48:04Z","timestamp":1772916484084,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03 DE024759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03 DE024759"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>It has been long appreciated that sex-hormone receptors are expressed in various non-gonadal organs. However, it remains unclear how sex hormones regulate the morphogenesis of these non-gonadal organs. To address this question, we used a male mouse model of androgen-dependent salivary gland morphogenesis. Mice with excessive cholesterol synthesis in the salivary glands exhibited defects in the maturation of granular convoluted tubules (GCTs), which is regulated through sex hormone-dependent cascades. We found that excessive cholesterol synthesis resulted in autophagy failure specifically in the duct cells of salivary glands, followed by the accumulation of NRF2, a transcription factor known as one of the specific substrates for autophagy. The accumulated NRF2 suppressed the expression of Foxa1, which forms a transcriptional complex with the androgen receptor to regulate target genes. Taken together, our results indicate that cholesterol metabolism plays a crucial role in GCT differentiation through autophagy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.178335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]],"date-time":"2019-09-26T20:38:12Z","timestamp":1569530292000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cholesterol metabolism plays a crucial role in the regulation of autophagy for cell differentiation of granular convoluted tubules in male mouse submandibular glands"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"Akiko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junbo","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Ogata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0977-434X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Yoshioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3975-6836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junichi","family":"Iwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042623480735500_DEV178335C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2014.11.007","article-title":"Morphology and gene expression profile of the submandibular gland of androgen-receptor-deficient mice","volume":"60","author":"Adthapanyawanich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. 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