{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:52:55Z","timestamp":1782978775721,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RGPIN-2019-04533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2019-04533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000190","name":"University of Alberta","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000190","name":"University of Alberta","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Microglia \u2013 the predominant immune cells of the brain and spinal cord \u2013 perform essential functions for the development and maintenance of the central nervous system, contingent upon the regulated developmental proliferation of microglia. However, the factor(s) that regulate microglial proliferation remain unclear. Here, we confirmed the timeline of developmental proliferation and used bioinformatics to identify potential signalling onto microglia in mouse from datasets collected at an age of high developmental microglial proliferation. Of the predicted factors, we found that colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) ligands boosted proliferation in vitro and were increasingly expressed in the brain across development with each displaying a distinct regional and temporal expression pattern. However, we did not observe a coincident alteration to CSF1R ligand levels in a model of abnormal developmental proliferation. Together, although CSF1R ligands can promote microglial proliferation in culture, their developmental expression patterns suggest that they function alongside other unknown factors to regulate developmental microglial proliferation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.204610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T13:56:46Z","timestamp":1747663006000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["CSF1R ligands promote microglial proliferation but are not the sole regulators of developmental microglial proliferation"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Brady P.","family":"Hammond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta 1 , Edmonton, T6G 2R3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameera","family":"Zia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta 1 , Edmonton, T6G 2R3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta 1 , Edmonton, T6G 2R3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Kapustina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia 2 Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences , , Vancouver, V6T 1Z3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta 1 , Edmonton, T6G 2R3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Friesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta 1 , Edmonton, T6G 2R3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupali","family":"Manek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta 1 , Edmonton, T6G 2R3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly V.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta 1 , Edmonton, T6G 2R3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Castellanos-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Axe Neurosciences du Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Qu\u00e9bec, Universit\u00e9 Laval 3 , Qu\u00e9bec City, G1V 0E8 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floriane","family":"Bretheau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Axe Neurosciences du Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Qu\u00e9bec, Universit\u00e9 Laval 3 , Qu\u00e9bec City, G1V 0E8 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Cembrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia 2 Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences , , Vancouver, V6T 1Z3 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia 4 , Vancouver, V6T 1Z3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley J.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta 1 , Edmonton, T6G 2R3 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"University of Alberta 6 Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine , , Edmonton, T6G 2R3 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Alberta 7 , Edmonton, T6G 2R3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Lacroix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Axe Neurosciences du Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Qu\u00e9bec, Universit\u00e9 Laval 3 , Qu\u00e9bec City, G1V 0E8 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Mol\u00e9culaire de l'Universit\u00e9 Laval 5 , Qu\u00e9bec City, G1V 0E8 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1385-1464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason R.","family":"Plemel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta 1 , Edmonton, T6G 2R3 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Alberta 7 , Edmonton, T6G 2R3 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"University of Alberta 8 Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology , , Edmonton, T6G 2R3 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"University of Alberta 9 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology , , Edmonton, T6G 2R3 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology 10 , Edmonton, T6G 2R3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025060306572610400_DEV204610C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00830-0","article-title":"Macrophages\/microglial cells in human central nervous system during development: an immunohistochemical study","volume":"814","author":"Andjelkovic","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain 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