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The extra-embryonic mesoderm is an essential and understudied germ layer present in amniotes. It is involved in hematopoiesis, as well as in the formation of extra-embryonic structures such as the amnion, umbilical cord and placenta. The origin and specification of extra-embryonic mesoderm are not entirely conserved across species, and the molecular mechanisms governing its formation and function are not fully understood. This Review begins with an overview of the embryonic origin and function of extra-embryonic mesoderm in vertebrates from in vivo studies. We then compare in vitro models that generate extra-embryonic mesoderm-like cells. Finally, we discuss how insights from studying both embryos and in vitro systems can aid in designing even more advanced stem cell-based embryo models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.204624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T10:12:11Z","timestamp":1741947131000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Extra-embryonic mesoderm during development and in\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    models"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2632-3823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana","family":"Nehme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles 2 IRIBHM J.E. Dumont , , Brussels, B-1070 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2702-3494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amitesh","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven Institute for Single-cell Omics (LISCO), KU Leuven-University of Leuven 1 Department of Development and Regeneration , , 3000 Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8972-8211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Migeotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles 2 IRIBHM J.E. 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