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Following injury, articular chondrocytes can aberrantly undergo changes akin to growth plate differentiation. The processes that control both the divergence of these lineages during development and the fate change in disease are poorly understood, but are essential in the design of novel therapeutics to attenuate joint degeneration. We established a model of human cartilage development using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), where the cells themselves give rise to zonally organized articular cartilage tissues akin to native articular cartilage. We challenged these tissues at defined time-points during differentiation, pin-pointing the precise timing of lineage restriction. Long-term functional experiments coupled with single-cell RNA sequencing throughout differentiation and after challenge revealed a key role for the extracellular matrix in modulating chondrocyte activity, and identified therapeutic targets that may attenuate pathogenic differentiation and disease progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.205520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T10:39:02Z","timestamp":1783075142000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Real-time transcriptomic profiling of hPSC-derived cartilage during development identifies a key role for the extracellular matrix in homeostasis and protection"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"153","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7820-0246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosanne M.","family":"Raftery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery , , Boston, MA 02115,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School 2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery , , Boston, MA 02115,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork 3 Department of Physiology , , Cork TF12XF62,","place":["Ireland"]},{"name":"Harvard Stem Cell Institute 4 , Cambridge, MA 02138,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven K.","family":"Pregizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery , , Boston, MA 02115,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School 2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery , , Boston, MA 02115,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0686-8201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suyash","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery , , Boston, MA 02115,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0235-908X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divya","family":"Venkatasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery , , Boston, MA 02115,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4402-5221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mireia","family":"Alemany-Ribes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery , , Boston, MA 02115,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School 2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery , , Boston, MA 02115,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4423-8008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"April M.","family":"Craft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery , , Boston, MA 02115,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School 2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery , , Boston, MA 02115,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Harvard Stem Cell Institute 4 , Cambridge, MA 02138,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090107513343100_DEV205520C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2721","article-title":"Milk Fat Globule-Epidermal Growth Factor 8 (MFG-E8) is a novel anti-inflammatory factor in rheumatoid arthritis in mice and humans","volume":"31","author":"Albus","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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