{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T19:45:37Z","timestamp":1769197537766,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute lung injury (ALI) is a syndrome that is characterised by acute inflammation and tissue injury that affects normal gas exchange in the lungs. Hallmarks of ALI include dysfunction of the alveolar-capillary membrane resulting in increased vascular permeability, an influx of inflammatory cells into the lung and a local pro-coagulant state. Patients with ALI present with severe hypoxaemia and radiological evidence of bilateral pulmonary oedema. The syndrome has a mortality rate of approximately 35% and usually requires invasive mechanical ventilation. ALI can follow direct pulmonary insults, such as pneumonia, or occur indirectly as a result of blood-borne insults, commonly severe bacterial sepsis. Although animal models of ALI have been developed, none of them fully recapitulate the human disease. The differences between the human syndrome and the phenotype observed in animal models might, in part, explain why interventions that are successful in models have failed to translate into novel therapies. Improved animal models and the development of human in vivo and ex vivo models are therefore required. In this article, we consider the clinical features of ALI, discuss the limitations of current animal models and highlight how emerging human models of ALI might help to answer outstanding questions about this syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.006213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T19:49:50Z","timestamp":1299008990000},"page":"145-153","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Human models of acute lung injury"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Alastair G.","family":"Proudfoot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Adult Intensive Care Unit, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danny F.","family":"McAuley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine Research Programme, Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen\u2019s University, Belfast, BT12 6BN, Northern Ireland, UK"},{"name":"Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark J. D.","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Adult Intensive Care Unit, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK"},{"name":"Unit of Critical Care, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Hind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Adult Intensive Care Unit, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK"},{"name":"Unit of Critical Care, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042612491389500_b1-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2007.05.053","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for lung injury after lung cancer resection","volume":"84","author":"Alam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b2-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092080310","article-title":"The structure of the parietal pleura and its relationship to pleural liquid dynamics in sheep","volume":"208","author":"Albertine","year":"1984","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b3-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421801","article-title":"Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"342","author":"A.R.D.S. Network","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b4-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)90168-7","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress in adults","volume":"2","author":"Ashbaugh","year":"1967","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b5-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.001677","article-title":"Development of animal models for the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Bastarache","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b6-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-948290","article-title":"The role of the coagulation cascade in the continuum of sepsis and acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Bastarache","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care. Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b7-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-948289","article-title":"The role of cytokines during the pathogenesis of ventilator-associated and ventilator-induced lung injury","volume":"27","author":"Belperio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b8-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.3.7509706","article-title":"The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination","volume":"149","author":"Bernard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b9-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-0919","article-title":"Elevated levels of the receptor for advanced glycation end products, a marker of alveolar epithelial type I cell injury, predict impaired alveolar fluid clearance in isolated perfused human lungs","volume":"135","author":"Briot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b10-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200210000-00002","article-title":"Impact of low pulmonary vascular pressure on ventilator-induced lung injury","volume":"30","author":"Broccard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b11-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(200002)190:3<255::AID-PATH526>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Pathophysiology of ischaemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"190","author":"Carden","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b12-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201003-0423OC","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibition for acute lung injury (The HARP study)","author":"Craig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b13-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L715","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00361.2009","article-title":"Epithelial repair mechanisms in the lung","volume":"298","author":"Crosby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b14-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-6-5","article-title":"Ex vivo metrics, a preclinical tool in new drug development","volume":"6","author":"Curtis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b15-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2008.09.003","article-title":"Technique for prolonged normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion","volume":"27","author":"Cypel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b16-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02775.x","article-title":"Normothermic ex vivo perfusion prevents lung injury compared to extended cold preservation for transplantation","volume":"9","author":"Cypel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b17-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H693","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00888.2003","article-title":"Effect of bronchial artery blood flow on cardiopulmonary bypass-induced lung injury","volume":"286","author":"Dodd-o","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b18-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-3692(15)50955-0","article-title":"Prevalence and mortality of acute lung injury and ARDS after lung resection","volume":"130","author":"Dulu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b19-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2005.09.034","article-title":"Ex vivo evaluation of human lungs for transplant suitability","volume":"81","author":"Egan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b20-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2005.09.032","article-title":"Lung perfusion with clarithromycin ameliorates lung function after cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"81","author":"Fan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b21-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200406-729OC","article-title":"A role for hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase in pulmonary inflammation and host defense","volume":"171","author":"Fessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b22-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000150663.45778.C4","article-title":"Differential effects of sustained inflation recruitment maneuvers on alveolar epithelial and lung endothelial injury","volume":"33","author":"Frank","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b23-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L52","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00256.2006","article-title":"Physiological and biochemical markers of alveolar epithelial barrier dysfunction in perfused human lungs","volume":"293","author":"Frank","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b24-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510460064035","article-title":"Lung structure and function in different stages of severe adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"271","author":"Gattinoni","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b25-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00089409","article-title":"Of mice and men: comparative proteomics of bronchoalveolar fluid","volume":"35","author":"Gharib","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b26-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2003.02.013","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome of the contralateral lung after reexpansion pulmonary edema of a collapsed lung","volume":"16","author":"Her","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b27-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022450","article-title":"One-year outcomes in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"348","author":"Herridge","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b28-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.1.9708059","article-title":"Neuropsychological sequelae and impaired health status in survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"160","author":"Hopkins","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b29-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S213","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000057846.21303.AB","article-title":"Coagulation, fibrinolysis, and fibrin deposition in acute lung injury","volume":"31","author":"Idell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b30-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2003-0267OC","article-title":"Cytoskeletal activation and altered gene expression in endothelial barrier regulation by simvastatin","volume":"30","author":"Jacobson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b31-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.110.1.263","article-title":"Grain dust and endotoxin inhalation challenges produce similar inflammatory responses in normal subjects","volume":"110","author":"Jagielo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b32-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.15d26.x","article-title":"The pathogenesis of lung injury following pulmonary resection","volume":"15","author":"Jordan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b33-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(99)01090-5","article-title":"Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome after pulmonary resection","volume":"69","author":"Kutlu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b34-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16357","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907996106","article-title":"Allogeneic human mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of E. coli endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in the ex vivo perfused human lung","volume":"106","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b35-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1160\/TH04-08-0492","article-title":"Activation of coagulation and inhibition of fibrinolysis in the lung after inhalation of lipopolysaccharide by healthy volunteers","volume":"93","author":"Maris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b36-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.3_suppl.68S","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms associated with susceptibility and outcome in ARDS","volume":"121","author":"Marshall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b37-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.6_Pt_1.1250","article-title":"Intact epithelial barrier function is critical for the resolution of alveolar edema in humans","volume":"142","author":"Matthay","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b38-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.59.3.928","article-title":"Long-term clearance of liquid and protein from the lungs of unanesthetized sheep","volume":"59","author":"Matthay","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b39-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L379","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00010.2008","article-title":"Animal models of acute lung injury","volume":"295","author":"Matute-Bello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b40-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000129489.34416.0E","article-title":"Clinically relevant concentrations of beta2-adrenergic agonists stimulate maximal cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent airspace fluid clearance and decrease pulmonary edema in experimental acid-induced lung injury","volume":"32","author":"McAuley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b41-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200307-1005OC","article-title":"Exhaled breath condensate detects markers of pulmonary inflammation after cardiothoracic surgery","volume":"169","author":"Moloney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b42-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2002.123680","article-title":"A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, cerivastatin, suppresses production of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human abdominal aortic aneurysm wall","volume":"36","author":"Nagashima","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b43-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-06-2140","article-title":"Recombinant human activated protein C reduces human endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammation via inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis","volume":"104","author":"Nick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b44-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2009111","article-title":"Local inflammatory responses following bronchial endotoxin instillation in humans","volume":"163","author":"O\u2019Grady","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b45-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2006.03.011","article-title":"International guidelines for the selection of lung transplant candidates: 2006 update-a consensus report from the Pulmonary Scientific Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation","volume":"25","author":"Orens","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b46-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1005372","article-title":"Neuromuscular blockers in early acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"363","author":"Papazian","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b47-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610770104","article-title":"Lung development and repair: contribution of the ciliated lineage","volume":"104","author":"Rawlins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b48-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.006031","article-title":"Airway basal stem cells: a perspective on their roles in epithelial homeostasis and remodeling","volume":"3","author":"Rock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b49-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050333","article-title":"Incidence and outcomes of acute lung injury","volume":"353","author":"Rubenfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b50-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(01)00760-6","article-title":"Frequency and mortality of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome after pulmonary resection for bronchogenic carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Ruffini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b51-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.2.9032186","article-title":"Beta-adrenergic agonist stimulated alveolar fluid clearance in ex vivo human and rat lungs","volume":"155","author":"Sakuma","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b52-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.1.9809058","article-title":"beta-adrenergic stimulation restores rat lung ability to clear edema in ventilator-associated lung injury","volume":"162","author":"Saldias","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b53-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700250127","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhalation in healthy subjects causes bronchoalveolar neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, and fibronectin increase","volume":"25","author":"Sandstrom","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b54-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1177\/32.8.6747274","article-title":"Differences in basement membrane-associated microdomains of type I and type II pneumocytes in the rat and rabbit lung","volume":"32","author":"Sannes","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b55-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3109\/01902149109062871","article-title":"Structural and functional relationships between type II pneumocytes and components of extracellular matrices","volume":"17","author":"Sannes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Exp. Lung. Res."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b56-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2609001","article-title":"Animal models of asthma: pro: allergic avoidance of animal (model[s]) is not an option","volume":"174","author":"Shapiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b57-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200810-1584OC","article-title":"Simvastatin decreases lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary inflammation in healthy volunteers","volume":"179","author":"Shyamsundar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b58-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.70.4.1827","article-title":"Alveolar and lung liquid clearance in anesthetized rabbits","volume":"70","author":"Smedira","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b59-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04195-7","article-title":"Transplantation of lungs from a non-heart-beating donor","volume":"357","author":"Steen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b60-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(03)00191-7","article-title":"Transplantation of lungs from non-heart-beating donors after functional assessment ex vivo","volume":"76","author":"Steen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b61-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2007.01.033","article-title":"First human transplantation of a nonacceptable donor lung after reconditioning ex vivo","volume":"83","author":"Steen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b62-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2004.03.015","article-title":"Comparison of pulmonary gas exchange in OPCAB versus conventional CABG","volume":"13","author":"Syed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b63-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/86.5.633","article-title":"Peri-operative risk factors for acute lung injury after elective oesophagectomy","volume":"86","author":"Tandon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b64-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208784980581","article-title":"The coagulation cascade in sepsis","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b65-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)34378-8","article-title":"The effect of ischemic time and temperature on lung preservation in a simple ex vivo rabbit model used for functional assessment","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b66-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200801-012AW","article-title":"Stem\/progenitor cells in lung development, injury repair, and regeneration","volume":"5","author":"Warburton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b67-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-948288","article-title":"Pathophysiology of acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Ware","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b68-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.6.2004035","article-title":"Alveolar fluid clearance is impaired in the majority of patients with acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"163","author":"Ware","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b69-0040145","first-page":"189","article-title":"Ultrastructural changes in the lung alveoli after cardiac surgical operations with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)","volume":"50","author":"Wasowicz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pol. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b70-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115388","article-title":"Differential responses of the endothelial and epithelial barriers of the lung in sheep to Escherichia coli endotoxin","volume":"88","author":"Wiener-Kronish","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b71-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2005.08.015","article-title":"Ex vivo evaluation of nonacceptable donor lungs","volume":"81","author":"Wierup","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b72-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1246285","article-title":"Long-term outcomes in patients surviving acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Wilcox","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b73-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/1010-7940(93)90183-C","article-title":"Closed circuit perfusion of an isolated rabbit lung. A new model for the evaluation of preservation quality of stored lungs","volume":"7","author":"Wisser","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"2021042612491389500_b74-0040145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.04.038","article-title":"Histochemical alterations in one lung ventilation","volume":"137","author":"Yin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."}],"container-title":["Disease Models &amp; Mechanisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dmm\/article-pdf\/4\/2\/145\/1619448\/145.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dmm\/article-pdf\/4\/2\/145\/1619448\/145.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T18:44:32Z","timestamp":1619462672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dmm\/article\/4\/2\/145\/53508\/Human-models-of-acute-lung-injury"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dmm.006213","relation":{},"ISSN":["1754-8411","1754-8403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1754-8411","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1754-8403","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]}}}