{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:41:46Z","timestamp":1773290506629,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":3425,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neural stimulation can reduce the frequency of seizures in persons with epilepsy, but rates of seizure free outcome are low. Vagus nerve stimulation prevents seizures by continuously activating noradrenergic projections from the brainstem to the cortex. Cortical norepinephrine then increases GABAergic transmission and increases seizure threshold. Another approach, responsive nervous stimulation, prevents seizures by reactively shocking the seizure onset zone in precise synchrony with seizure onset. The electrical shocks abort seizures before they can spread and manifest clinically. The goal of this study is to determine if a hybrid platform in which brainstem activation triggered in response to impending seizure activity can prevent seizures. We chose the zebrafish as a model organism for this study because of its ability to recapitulate human disease in conjunction with its innate capacity for tightly controlled - high throughput experimentation. We first set out to determine if electrical stimulation of the hindbrain could have an anticonvulsant effect. We found that pulse train electrical stimulation of the hindbrain significantly increased the latency to onset of pentylenetetrazole seizures, and that this apparent anticonvulsant effect was blocked by noradrenergic antagonists, as is also the case with rodents and humans. We also found that the anticonvulsant effect of hindbrain stimulation could be potentiated by reactive triggering of single pulse electrical stimulations in response to impending seizure activity. Finally, we found that the rate of stimulation triggering was directly proportional to pentylenetetrazole concentration and that the stimulation rate was reduced by the anticonvulsant valproic acid and by larger stimulation currents. Taken as a whole, these results show that that the anticonvulsant effect of brainstem activation can be efficiently utilized by reactive triggering, which suggests that alternative stimulation paradigms for vagus nerve stimulation may be useful. Moreover, our results show that the zebrafish epilepsy model can be used to advance our understanding of neural stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.009423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,21]],"date-time":"2012-07-21T10:35:41Z","timestamp":1342866941000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Closed loop neural stimulation for pentylenetetrazole seizures in zebrafish"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Pineda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine E.","family":"Beattie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles W.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042423044166500_b1-0060064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-008-0392-1","article-title":"Approximate entropy and auto mutual information analysis of the electroencephalogram in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients","volume":"46","author":"Ab\u00e1solo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. 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