{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:41:12Z","timestamp":1792460472544,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Skeletal muscle is a plastic organ that is maintained by multiple pathways regulating cell and protein turnover. During muscle atrophy, proteolytic systems are activated, and contractile proteins and organelles are removed, resulting in the shrinkage of muscle fibers. Excessive loss of muscle mass is associated with poor prognosis in several diseases, including myopathies and muscular dystrophies, as well as in systemic disorders such as cancer, diabetes, sepsis and heart failure. Muscle loss also occurs during aging. In this paper, we review the key mechanisms that regulate the turnover of contractile proteins and organelles in muscle tissue, and discuss how impairments in these mechanisms can contribute to muscle atrophy. We also discuss how protein synthesis and degradation are coordinately regulated by signaling pathways that are influenced by mechanical stress, physical activity, and the availability of nutrients and growth factors. Understanding how these pathways regulate muscle mass will provide new therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of muscle atrophy in metabolic and neuromuscular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.010389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,24]],"date-time":"2012-12-24T08:42:47Z","timestamp":1356338567000},"page":"25-39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1191,"title":["Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Paolo","family":"Bonaldo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Sandri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042423045741900_b1-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C188","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00542.2005","article-title":"Regulation of myostatin expression and myoblast differentiation by FoxO and SMAD transcription factors","volume":"292","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b2-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0959","article-title":"Down-regulation of Akt\/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in response to myostatin overexpression in skeletal muscle","volume":"150","author":"Amirouche","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b3-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7479","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811129106","article-title":"Muscle hypertrophy driven by myostatin blockade does not require stem\/precursor-cell activity","volume":"106","author":"Amthor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b4-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.11.022","article-title":"Chaperone-assisted selective autophagy is essential for muscle maintenance","volume":"20","author":"Arndt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b5-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4759","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.212845","article-title":"Muscle sparing in muscle RING finger 1 null mice: response to synthetic glucocorticoids","volume":"589","author":"Baehr","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b6-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.27","article-title":"The E3 ubiquitin ligase specificity subunit ASB2beta is a novel regulator of muscle differentiation that targets filamin B to proteasomal degradation","volume":"16","author":"Bello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b7-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.10.002","article-title":"Skeletal muscle-specific ablation of raptor, but not of rictor, causes metabolic changes and results in muscle dystrophy","volume":"8","author":"Bentzinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b8-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1427.009","article-title":"Dysfunction of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum in the pathogenesis of collagen VI muscular dystrophies","volume":"1147","author":"Bernardi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b9-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C587","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00142.2011","article-title":"Posttranslational modifications control FoxO3 activity during denervation","volume":"302","author":"Bertaggia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b10-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3896","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-131870","article-title":"Inducible activation of Akt increases skeletal muscle mass and force without satellite cell activation","volume":"23","author":"Blaauw","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b11-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065874","article-title":"Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"294","author":"Bodine","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b12-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1101-1014","article-title":"Akt\/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo","volume":"3","author":"Bodine","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b13-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1526-968X(200002)26:2<165::AID-GENE22>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Selective expression of Cre recombinase in skeletal muscle fibers","volume":"26","author":"Bothe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b14-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19460","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.113092","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha or 1beta overexpression inhibits muscle protein degradation, induction of ubiquitin ligases, and disuse atrophy","volume":"285","author":"Brault","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b15-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.09.027","article-title":"IKKbeta\/NF-kappaB activation causes severe muscle wasting in mice","volume":"119","author":"Cai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b16-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2008.21","article-title":"The FoxO code","volume":"27","author":"Calnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b17-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4891","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr427","article-title":"Autophagy is increased in laminin \u03b12 chain-deficient muscle and its inhibition improves muscle morphology in a mouse model of MDC1A","volume":"20","author":"Carmignac","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b18-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-12-185","article-title":"The proteasome inhibitor MG132 reduces immobilization-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice","volume":"12","author":"Caron","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b19-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds048","article-title":"Bcl-2-associated autophagy regulator Naf-1 required for maintenance of skeletal muscle","volume":"21","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b20-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.09.009","article-title":"The E3 Ligase MuRF1 degrades myosin heavy chain protein in dexamethasone-treated skeletal muscle","volume":"6","author":"Clarke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b21-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1810","article-title":"A mutation creating a potential illegitimate microRNA target site in the myostatin gene affects muscularity in sheep","volume":"38","author":"Clop","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b22-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200901052","article-title":"During muscle atrophy, thick, but not thin, filament components are degraded by MuRF1-dependent ubiquitylation","volume":"185","author":"Cohen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b23-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201110067","article-title":"Ubiquitylation by Trim32 causes coupled loss of desmin, Z-bands, and thin filaments in muscle atrophy","volume":"198","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b24-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E693","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00281.2004","article-title":"USP19 is a ubiquitin-specific protease regulated in rat skeletal muscle during catabolic states","volume":"288","author":"Combaret","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b25-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2010.057","article-title":"Inhibition of atrogin-1\/MAFbx expression by adenovirus-delivered small hairpin RNAs attenuates muscle atrophy in fasting mice","volume":"22","author":"Cong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b26-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8994","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008994","article-title":"The translation regulatory subunit eIF3f controls the kinase-dependent mTOR signaling required for muscle differentiation and hypertrophy in mouse","volume":"5","author":"Csibi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b27-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2008.10.002","article-title":"Autophagy and aging: keeping that old broom working","volume":"24","author":"Cuervo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b28-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17070","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M312021200","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha produces insulin resistance in skeletal muscle by activation of inhibitor kappaB kinase in a p38 MAPK-dependent manner","volume":"279","author":"de Alvaro","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b29-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.10.007","article-title":"FOXO\/4E-BP signaling in Drosophila muscles regulates organism-wide proteostasis during aging","volume":"143","author":"Demontis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b30-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3600143","article-title":"Identification of cathepsin L as a differentially expressed message associated with skeletal muscle wasting","volume":"360","author":"Deval","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b31-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.09.002","article-title":"Skeletal muscle is a primary target of SOD1G93A-mediated toxicity","volume":"8","author":"Dobrowolny","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b32-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-7537com","article-title":"TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a potent skeletal muscle-wasting cytokine","volume":"21","author":"Dogra","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b33-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1500","article-title":"Ectopic expression of myostatin induces atrophy of adult skeletal muscle by decreasing muscle gene expression","volume":"148","author":"Durieux","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b34-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0213503","article-title":"Muscle-specific inactivation of the IGF-I receptor induces compensatory hyperplasia in skeletal muscle","volume":"109","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b35-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32827","article-title":"Myosin accumulation and striated muscle myopathy result from the loss of muscle RING finger 1 and 3","volume":"117","author":"Fielitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b36-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20807","article-title":"Dysfunction of endocytic and autophagic pathways in a lysosomal storage disease","volume":"59","author":"Fukuda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b37-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.2984","article-title":"Autophagy and lysosomes in Pompe disease","volume":"2","author":"Fukuda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b38-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8550","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)38923-9","article-title":"Role of different proteolytic systems in the degradation of muscle proteins during denervation atrophy","volume":"265","author":"Furuno","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b39-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.01.005","article-title":"PGC-1\u03b1 promotes nitric oxide antioxidant defenses and inhibits FOXO signaling against cardiac cachexia in mice","volume":"178","author":"Geng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b40-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14440","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251541198","article-title":"Atrogin-1, a muscle-specific F-box protein highly expressed during muscle atrophy","volume":"98","author":"Gomes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b41-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12747","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605333103","article-title":"A FoxO-Smad synexpression group in human keratinocytes","volume":"103","author":"Gomis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b42-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12707","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012707","article-title":"Akt deficiency attenuates muscle size and function but not the response to ActRIIB inhibition","volume":"5","author":"Goncalves","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b43-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.08.047","article-title":"An AMPK-FOXO pathway mediates longevity induced by a novel method of dietary restriction in C. elegans","volume":"17","author":"Greer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b44-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30107","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705325200","article-title":"The energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase directly regulates the mammalian FOXO3 transcription factor","volume":"282","author":"Greer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b45-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/gene.10188","article-title":"Modulating skeletal muscle mass by postnatal, muscle-specific inactivation of the myostatin gene","volume":"35","author":"Grobet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b46-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2247","article-title":"Autophagy is defective in collagen VI muscular dystrophies, and its reactivation rescues myofiber degeneration","volume":"16","author":"Grumati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b47-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.7.4.14392","article-title":"Autophagy induction rescues muscular dystrophy","volume":"7","author":"Grumati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b48-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.7.12.17877","article-title":"Physical exercise stimulates autophagy in normal skeletal muscles but is detrimental for collagen VI-deficient muscles","volume":"7","author":"Grumati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b49-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19094","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.322933","article-title":"Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) interacts with Bnip3 protein to selectively remove endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria via autophagy","volume":"287","author":"Hanna","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b50-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04724","article-title":"Suppression of basal autophagy in neural cells causes neurodegenerative disease in mice","volume":"441","author":"Hara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b51-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10758","article-title":"Exercise-induced BCL2-regulated autophagy is required for muscle glucose homeostasis","volume":"481","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b52-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01137","article-title":"A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"420","author":"Hirosumi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b53-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600945","article-title":"A novel ubiquitin-binding protein ZNF216 functioning in muscle atrophy","volume":"25","author":"Hishiya","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b54-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.001222","article-title":"Dynamic FoxO transcription factors","volume":"120","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b55-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200421696","article-title":"Disruption of either the Nfkb1 or the Bcl3 gene inhibits skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"114","author":"Hunter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b56-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.11.003","article-title":"Fast\/Glycolytic muscle fiber growth reduces fat mass and improves metabolic parameters in obese mice","volume":"7","author":"Izumiya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b57-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21949","article-title":"Prevention of muscle disuse atrophy by MG132 proteasome inhibitor","volume":"43","author":"Jamart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b58-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C372","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00293.2006","article-title":"Role for IkappaBalpha, but not c-Rel, in skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"292","author":"Judge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b59-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41114","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M400674200","article-title":"Skeletal muscle FOXO1 (FKHR) transgenic mice have less skeletal muscle mass, down-regulated Type I (slow twitch\/red muscle) fiber genes, and impaired glycemic control","volume":"279","author":"Kamei","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b60-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18135","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404341102","article-title":"Muscle-specific RING finger 1 is a bona fide ubiquitin ligase that degrades cardiac troponin I","volume":"101","author":"Kedar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b61-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2009.01.020","article-title":"A role for NBR1 in autophagosomal degradation of ubiquitinated substrates","volume":"33","author":"Kirkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b62-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32054","article-title":"A Foxo\/Notch pathway controls myogenic differentiation and fiber type specification","volume":"117","author":"Kitamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b63-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00873.2006","article-title":"Rapamycin inhibits the growth and muscle-sparing effects of clenbuterol","volume":"102","author":"Kline","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b64-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.5338","article-title":"Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes","volume":"4","author":"Klionsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b65-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.10.035","article-title":"Homeostatic levels of p62 control cytoplasmic inclusion body formation in autophagy-deficient mice","volume":"131","author":"Komatsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b66-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2009.12.025","article-title":"Chaperone-mediated autophagy in health and disease","volume":"584","author":"Kon","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b67-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59581","article-title":"Satellite cell senescence underlies myopathy in a mouse model of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2H","volume":"122","author":"Kudryashova","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b68-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328351c3fc","article-title":"TWEAK and TRAF6 regulate skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b69-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9295","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.24.21.9295-9304.2004","article-title":"Conditional activation of akt in adult skeletal muscle induces rapid hypertrophy","volume":"24","author":"Lai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b70-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.017","article-title":"mTOR signaling in growth control and disease","volume":"149","author":"Laplante","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b71-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006010083","article-title":"Protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in normal and disease states","volume":"17","author":"Lecker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b72-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.20.012103.135836","article-title":"Regulation of muscle mass by myostatin","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b73-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e789","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000789","article-title":"Quadrupling muscle mass in mice by targeting TGF-beta signaling pathways","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b74-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.248872","article-title":"Atrogin1\/MAFbx: what atrophy, hypertrophy, and cardiac failure have in common","volume":"109","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b75-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(99)00004-0","article-title":"Myostatin and the control of skeletal muscle mass","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b76-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9306","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.151270098","article-title":"Regulation of myostatin activity and muscle growth","volume":"98","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b77-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000127211.86206.E1","article-title":"Regulation of muscle protein degradation: coordinated control of apoptotic and ubiquitin-proteasome systems by phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b78-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1182228","article-title":"Sestrin as a feedback inhibitor of TOR that prevents age-related pathologies","volume":"327","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b79-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070447","article-title":"Rapid disuse atrophy of diaphragm fibers in mechanically ventilated humans","volume":"358","author":"Levine","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b80-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200422220","article-title":"Atrogin-1\/muscle atrophy F-box inhibits calcineurin-dependent cardiac hypertrophy by participating in an SCF ubiquitin ligase complex","volume":"114","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b81-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cgt.7701091","article-title":"Effect of RNA oligonucleotide targeting Foxo-1 on muscle growth in normal and cancer cachexia mice","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b82-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2011-1124","article-title":"Myostatin induces degradation of sarcomeric proteins through a Smad3 signaling mechanism during skeletal muscle wasting","volume":"25","author":"Lokireddy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b83-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2008.04.010","article-title":"Lysosomal myopathies: an excessive build-up in autophagosomes is too much to handle","volume":"18","author":"Malicdan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b84-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.11.001","article-title":"FoxO3 controls autophagy in skeletal muscle in vivo","volume":"6","author":"Mammucari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b85-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.6.2.11137","article-title":"Autophagy inhibition induces atrophy and myopathy in adult skeletal muscles","volume":"6","author":"Masiero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b86-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.10.008","article-title":"Autophagy is required to maintain muscle mass","volume":"10","author":"Masiero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b87-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1350705","article-title":"Smad transcription factors","volume":"19","author":"Massagu\u00e9","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b88-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3657","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.068858","article-title":"Effective fiber hypertrophy in satellite cell-depleted skeletal muscle","volume":"138","author":"McCarthy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b89-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20757","article-title":"Myostatin induces cachexia by activating the ubiquitin proteolytic system through an NF-kappaB-independent, FoxO1-dependent mechanism","volume":"209","author":"McFarlane","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b90-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12457","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.23.12457","article-title":"Double muscling in cattle due to mutations in the myostatin gene","volume":"94","author":"McPherron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b91-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/387083a0","article-title":"Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member","volume":"387","author":"McPherron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b92-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S602","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000279194.11328.77","article-title":"Role of glucocorticoids in the molecular regulation of muscle wasting","volume":"35","author":"Menconi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b93-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C712","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00499.2006","article-title":"S6 kinase inactivation impairs growth and translational target phosphorylation in muscle cells maintaining proper regulation of protein turnover","volume":"293","author":"Mieulet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b94-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra80","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2002038","article-title":"G\u03b1i2 signaling promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy, myoblast differentiation, and muscle regeneration","volume":"4","author":"Minetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b95-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200909117","article-title":"The TWEAK-Fn14 system is a critical regulator of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice","volume":"188","author":"Mittal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b96-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e03-09-0704","article-title":"In vivo analysis of autophagy in response to nutrient starvation using transgenic mice expressing a fluorescent autophagosome marker","volume":"15","author":"Mizushima","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b97-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06639","article-title":"Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion","volume":"451","author":"Mizushima","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b98-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.32.5.392","article-title":"Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I. Effects on protein synthesis in isolated muscles from lean and goldthioglucose-obese mice","volume":"32","author":"Monier","year":"1983","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b99-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.09.004","article-title":"Myogenin and class II HDACs control neurogenic muscle atrophy by inducing E3 ubiquitin ligases","volume":"143","author":"Moresi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b100-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121159109","article-title":"Histone deacetylases 1 and 2 regulate autophagy flux and skeletal muscle homeostasis in mice","volume":"109","author":"Moresi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b101-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000231290.45676.d4","article-title":"Myostatin regulates cardiomyocyte growth through modulation of Akt signaling","volume":"99","author":"Morissette","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b102-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28721","article-title":"Targeted ablation of IKK2 improves skeletal muscle strength, maintains mass, and promotes regeneration","volume":"116","author":"Mourkioti","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b103-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/84839","article-title":"Localized Igf-1 transgene expression sustains hypertrophy and regeneration in senescent skeletal muscle","volume":"27","author":"Musar\u00f2","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b104-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.70057","article-title":"AMPK activation stimulates myofibrillar protein degradation and expression of atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases by increasing FOXO transcription factors in C2C12 myotubes","volume":"71","author":"Nakashima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b105-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3799","article-title":"Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction: role for PINK1 and Parkin in mitochondrial quality control","volume":"14","author":"Narendra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b106-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2009.256","article-title":"Nix is a selective autophagy receptor for mitochondrial clearance","volume":"11","author":"Novak","year":"2010","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b107-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2007.06659.x","article-title":"Unexpected cardiotoxicity in haematological bortezomib treated patients","volume":"138","author":"Orciuolo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b108-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.12.029","article-title":"FoxOs are lineage-restricted redundant tumor suppressors and regulate endothelial cell homeostasis","volume":"128","author":"Paik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b109-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24131","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M702824200","article-title":"p62\/SQSTM1 binds directly to Atg8\/LC3 to facilitate degradation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates by autophagy","volume":"282","author":"Pankiv","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b110-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.8901","article-title":"Autophagic degradation of nuclear components in mammalian cells","volume":"5","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b111-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201006098","article-title":"Targeted ablation of TRAF6 inhibits skeletal muscle wasting in mice","volume":"191","author":"Paul","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b112-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.06351-11","article-title":"The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF6 intercedes in starvation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy through multiple mechanisms","volume":"32","author":"Paul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b113-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1089403","article-title":"Dwarfism, impaired skin development, skeletal muscle atrophy, delayed bone development, and impeded adipogenesis in mice lacking Akt1 and Akt2","volume":"17","author":"Peng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b114-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385940-2.00004-8","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling in skeletal muscle health and disease","volume":"96","author":"Peterson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b115-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2009.366","article-title":"DHPR alpha1S subunit controls skeletal muscle mass and morphogenesis","volume":"29","author":"Pi\u00e9tri-Rouxel","year":"2010","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b116-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01667","article-title":"Insulin-regulated hepatic gluconeogenesis through FOXO1-PGC-1alpha interaction","volume":"423","author":"Puigserver","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b117-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn292","article-title":"Suppression of autophagy in skeletal muscle uncovers the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and their potential role in muscle damage in Pompe disease","volume":"17","author":"Raben","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b118-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201001136","article-title":"JunB transcription factor maintains skeletal muscle mass and promotes hypertrophy","volume":"191","author":"Raffaello","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b119-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.054","article-title":"VMA21 deficiency causes an autophagic myopathy by compromising V-ATPase activity and lysosomal acidification","volume":"137","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b120-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-189977","article-title":"Inhibition of FoxO transcriptional activity prevents muscle fiber atrophy during cachexia and induces hypertrophy","volume":"26","author":"Reed","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b121-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E876","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00107.2003","article-title":"Lower skeletal muscle mass in male transgenic mice with muscle-specific overexpression of myostatin","volume":"285","author":"Reisz-Porszasz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b122-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200903131","article-title":"Muscle inactivation of mTOR causes metabolic and dystrophin defects leading to severe myopathy","volume":"187","author":"Risson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b123-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-010-0157-8","article-title":"Mitochondrial biogenesis and fragmentation as regulators of muscle protein degradation","volume":"12","author":"Romanello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b124-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2010.60","article-title":"Mitochondrial fission and remodelling contributes to muscle atrophy","volume":"29","author":"Romanello","year":"2010","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b125-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1101-1009","article-title":"Mediation of IGF-1-induced skeletal myotube hypertrophy by PI(3)K\/Akt\/mTOR and PI(3)K\/Akt\/GSK3 pathways","volume":"3","author":"Rommel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b126-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E591","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00073.2004","article-title":"IGF-I stimulates muscle growth by suppressing protein breakdown and expression of atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases, atrogin-1 and MuRF1","volume":"287","author":"Sacheck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b127-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6604com","article-title":"Rapid disuse and denervation atrophy involve transcriptional changes similar to those of muscle wasting during systemic diseases","volume":"21","author":"Sacheck","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b128-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00400-3","article-title":"Foxo transcription factors induce the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1 and cause skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"117","author":"Sandri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b129-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16260","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607795103","article-title":"PGC-1alpha protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription","volume":"103","author":"Sandri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b130-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"re11","DOI":"10.1126\/stke.2442004re11","article-title":"Molecular and cellular determinants of skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy","volume":"2004","author":"Sartorelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. STKE"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b131-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1248","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00104.2009","article-title":"Smad2 and 3 transcription factors control muscle mass in adulthood","volume":"296","author":"Sartori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b132-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0606","article-title":"Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy","volume":"197","author":"Schakman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b133-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(72)80002-9","article-title":"Studies on the effect of denervation in developing muscle. II. The lysosomal system","volume":"39","author":"Schiaffino","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Ultrastruct. Res."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b134-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2044-5040-1-4","article-title":"Regulation of skeletal muscle growth by the IGF1-Akt\/PKB pathway: insights from genetic models","volume":"1","author":"Schiaffino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b135-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040933","article-title":"Myostatin mutation associated with gross muscle hypertrophy in a child","volume":"350","author":"Schuelke","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b136-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000179580.72375.c2","article-title":"Transgenic overexpression of locally acting insulin-like growth factor-1 inhibits ubiquitin-mediated muscle atrophy in chronic left-ventricular dysfunction","volume":"97","author":"Schulze","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b137-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1490","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00255.2010","article-title":"p300 Acetyltransferase activity differentially regulates the localization and activity of the FOXO homologues in skeletal muscle","volume":"300","author":"Senf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b138-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2011.09.011","article-title":"The SCF-Fbxo40 complex induces IRS1 ubiquitination in skeletal muscle, limiting IGF1 signaling","volume":"21","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b139-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.01.001","article-title":"Crosstalk between glucocorticoid receptor and nutritional sensor mTOR in skeletal muscle","volume":"13","author":"Shimizu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b140-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI22324","article-title":"Muscle-specific expression of IGF-1 blocks angiotensin II-induced skeletal muscle wasting","volume":"115","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b141-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21176","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M702039200","article-title":"FOXO1 regulates the expression of 4E-BP1 and inhibits mTOR signaling in mammalian skeletal muscle","volume":"282","author":"Southgate","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b142-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(04)00211-4","article-title":"The IGF-1\/PI3K\/Akt pathway prevents expression of muscle atrophy-induced ubiquitin ligases by inhibiting FOXO transcription factors","volume":"14","author":"Stitt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b143-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1283","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00409.2009","article-title":"USP19-deubiquitinating enzyme regulates levels of major myofibrillar proteins in L6 muscle cells","volume":"297","author":"Sundaram","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b144-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L994","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.90404.2008","article-title":"Effect of proteasome inhibitors on endotoxin-induced diaphragm dysfunction","volume":"296","author":"Supinski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b145-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30654","article-title":"NO production results in suspension-induced muscle atrophy through dislocation of neuronal NOS","volume":"117","author":"Suzuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b146-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1197767","article-title":"Nebulin and N-WASP cooperate to cause IGF-1-induced sarcomeric actin filament formation","volume":"330","author":"Takano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b147-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15239","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015239","article-title":"Fiber type conversion by PGC-1\u03b1 activates lysosomal and autophagosomal biogenesis in both unaffected and Pompe skeletal muscle","volume":"5","author":"Takikita","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b148-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1038\/35022595","article-title":"Accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and cardiomyopathy in LAMP-2-deficient mice","volume":"406","author":"Tanaka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b149-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M411346200","article-title":"Degradation of MyoD mediated by the SCF (MAFbx) ubiquitin ligase","volume":"280","author":"Tintignac","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b150-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1258","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00105.2009","article-title":"Myostatin reduces Akt\/TORC1\/p70S6K signaling, inhibiting myoblast differentiation and myotube size","volume":"296","author":"Trendelenburg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b151-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2009.159","article-title":"Control of autophagy initiation by phosphoinositide 3-phosphatase Jumpy","volume":"28","author":"Vergne","year":"2009","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b152-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E785","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00646.2007","article-title":"The glucocorticoid receptor and FOXO1 synergistically activate the skeletal muscle atrophy-associated MuRF1 gene","volume":"295","author":"Waddell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b153-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20405","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911570106","article-title":"Increased muscle PGC-1alpha expression protects from sarcopenia and metabolic disease during aging","volume":"106","author":"Wenz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b154-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2750165","article-title":"Proteins containing peptide sequences related to Lys-Phe-Glu-Arg-Gln are selectively depleted in liver and heart, but not skeletal muscle, of fasted rats","volume":"275","author":"Wing","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b155-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601952","article-title":"Cooperative control of striated muscle mass and metabolism by MuRF1 and MuRF2","volume":"27","author":"Witt","year":"2008","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b156-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2009.11.002","article-title":"Skeletal muscle autophagy and apoptosis during aging: effects of calorie restriction and life-long exercise","volume":"45","author":"Wohlgemuth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b157-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80611-X","article-title":"Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC- 1","volume":"98","author":"Wu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b158-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3028","article-title":"Mechanisms of mitophagy","volume":"12","author":"Youle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b159-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.07.011","article-title":"Reversal of cancer cachexia and muscle wasting by ActRIIB antagonism leads to prolonged survival","volume":"142","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021042423045741900_b160-0060025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069525","article-title":"Induction of cachexia in mice by systemically administered myostatin","volume":"296","author":"Zimmers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Disease Models &amp; Mechanisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dmm\/article-pdf\/6\/1\/25\/1864878\/25.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dmm\/article-pdf\/6\/1\/25\/1864878\/25.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T15:39:45Z","timestamp":1643989185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dmm\/article\/6\/1\/25\/953\/Cellular-and-molecular-mechanisms-of-muscle"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dmm.010389","relation":{},"ISSN":["1754-8411","1754-8403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1754-8411","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1754-8403","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]}}}