{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T01:03:47Z","timestamp":1792285427064,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":2694,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the commonest and most severe forms of developmental defect, characterized by disruption of the early embryonic events of central nervous system formation. NTDs have long been known to exhibit a strong genetic dependence, yet the identity of the genetic determinants remains largely undiscovered. Initiation of neural tube closure is disrupted in mice homozygous for mutations in planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway genes, providing a strong link between NTDs and PCP signaling. Recently, missense gene variants have been identified in PCP genes in humans with NTDs, although the range of phenotypes is greater than in the mouse mutants. In addition, the sequence variants detected in human patients are heterozygous, and can often be detected in unaffected individuals. It has been suggested that interactions between multiple heterozygous gene mutations cause the NTDs in human patients. To determine the phenotypes produced in double heterozygotes we bred mice with all three pairwise combinations of Vangl2Lp, ScribCrc and Celsr1Crsh mutations, the most intensively studied PCP mutants. The majority of double mutant embryos had open NTDs, with the range of phenotypes including anencephaly and spina bifida, therefore reflecting the defects observed in humans. Strikingly, even on a uniform genetic background, variability in the penetrance and severity of the mutant phenotypes was observed between the different double heterozygote combinations. Phenotypically, Celsr1Crsh; Vangl2Lp; ScribCrc triply heterozygous mutants were no more severe than doubly heterozygous or singly homozygous mutants. We propose that some of the variation between double mutant phenotypes may be attributed to the nature of the protein disruption in each allele: while ScribCrc is a null mutant and produces no Scrib protein, Celsr1Crsh and Vangl2Lp homozygotes both express mutant proteins, consistent with dominant effects. The variable outcomes of these genetic interactions are of direct relevance to human patients and emphasize the importance of performing comprehensive genetic screens in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.016758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,16]],"date-time":"2014-08-16T00:42:33Z","timestamp":1408149753000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Interactions between planar cell polarity genes cause diverse neural tube defects"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"Jennifer N.","family":"Murdoch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Damrau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Harwell, Oxon, UK;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anju","family":"Paudyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Reading, Berkshire, UK;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora","family":"Bogani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Harwell, Oxon, UK;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Harwell, Oxon, UK;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas D. 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