{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:03:38Z","timestamp":1753884218220,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":1598,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26.03909","15K20005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26.03909","15K20005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22591637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22591637"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spina bifida aperta (SBA), one of the most common congenital malformations, causes lifelong neurological complications particularly in terms of motor dysfunction. Fetuses with SBA exhibit voluntary leg movements in utero and during early neonatal life but these disappear within the first few weeks after birth. However, the pathophysiological sequence underlying such motor dysfunction remains unclear. Additionally, because important insights have yet to be obtained from human cases, an appropriate animal model is essential. Here, we investigated the neuropathological mechanisms of progression of SBA-like motor dysfunctions in a neural tube surgery-induced chicken model of SBA at different pathogenesis points ranging from embryonic to post-hatch ages. We found that chicks with SBA-like features lose voluntary leg movements and subsequently exhibit lower-limb paralysis within the first 2 weeks after hatching, coinciding with the synaptic change-induced disruption of spinal motor networks at the site of the SBA lesion in the lumbosacral region. Such synaptic changes reduced the ratio of inhibitory-to-excitatory inputs to motor neurons and were associated with a drastic loss of \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inputs and upregulation of the cholinergic activities of motor neurons. Furthermore, most of the neurons in ventral horns which appear to be suffering by excitotoxicity during the early postnatal days, underwent apoptosis. However, the triggers of cellular abnormalization and neurodegenerative signaling were evident in the middle to late gestational stages, probably attributable to the amniotic fluid-induced in ovo milieu. In conclusion, we found that early neonatal loss of neurons in the ventral horn of exposed spinal cord affords novel insights into the pathophysiology of SBA-like leg dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.031054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]],"date-time":"2017-10-06T00:30:16Z","timestamp":1507249816000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Early neonatal loss of inhibitory synaptic input to the spinal motor neurons confers spina bifida-like leg dysfunction in a chicken model"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5734-0899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Sakirul Islam","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Nabeka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farzana","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Shimokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shouichiro","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1128, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soichiro","family":"Kawabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gifu Prefectural Museum, Seki, Gifu 501-3941, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumihiko","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Tachibana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seiji","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042513024369400_DMM031054C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.11.021","article-title":"Fetal surgery for myelomeningocele: trials and tribulations. 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