{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:24:58Z","timestamp":1783643098471,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":1233,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005795","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG3C1021, CMRPG3C1022, CMRPG3C1023, CMRPG3C1024, and CMRPG3C1025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3C1021, CMRPG3C1022, CMRPG3C1023, CMRPG3C1024, and CMRPG3C1025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000295","name":"Epilepsy Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000295","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council UK","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Focal neocortical epilepsy is a common form of epilepsy and there is a need to develop animal models that allow the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies to treat this type of epilepsy. Tetanus toxin (TeNT) injection into rat visual cortex induces focal neocortical epilepsy without preceding status epilepticus. The latency to first seizure ranged from 3 to 7 days. Seizure duration was bimodal, with both short (approximately 30s) and long-lasting (&amp;gt;100s) seizures occurring in the same animals. Seizures were accompanied by non-motor features such as behavioural arrest, or motor seizures with or without evolution to generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Seizures were commoner during the sleep phase of a light-dark cycle. Seizure occurrence was not random, and tended to cluster with significantly higher probability of recurrence within 24 hours of a previous seizure. Across animals, the number of seizures in the first week could be used to predict the number of seizures in the following 3 weeks. The TeNT model of occipital cortical epilepsy is a model of acquired focal neocortical epilepsy well suited for preclinical evaluation of novel anti-epileptic strategies. We provide here a detailed analysis of the epilepsy phenotypes, seizure activity, electrographic features, and the semiology. In addition we provide a predictive framework that can be used to reduce variation and consequently animal use in pre-clinical studies of potential treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.036194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]],"date-time":"2018-11-22T10:15:13Z","timestamp":1542881713000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Semiology, clustering, periodicity and natural history of seizures in an experimental occipital cortical epilepsy model"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4547-6155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bao-Luen","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"},{"name":"Section of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Snowball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Lieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Chabrol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri M.","family":"Kullmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Schorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6141-6822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert C.","family":"Wykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042500482760900_DMM036194C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e31826bd90d","article-title":"Neonatal seizures and status epilepticus","volume":"29","author":"Abend","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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