{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T23:21:30Z","timestamp":1785799290425,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":223,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010438","name":"Francis Crick Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC001076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC001076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010438","name":"Francis Crick Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC001999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC001999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC001076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC001076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC001999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC001999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007155","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC001076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC001076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007155","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC001999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC001999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC001076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC001076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC001999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC001999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WT097411MA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT097411MA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["206444\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206444\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["091664\/B\/10\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["091664\/B\/10\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["217202\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["217202\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["772853 - ENTRAPMENT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["772853 - ENTRAPMENT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001255","name":"Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001255","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/T001844\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/T001844\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite capable of invading any nucleated cell. Three main clonal lineages (type I, II, III) exist and murine models have driven the understanding of general and strain-specific immune mechanisms underlying Toxoplasma infection. However, murine models are limited for studying parasite-leukocyte interactions in vivo, and discrepancies exist between cellular immune responses observed in mouse versus human cells. Here, we developed a zebrafish infection model to study the innate immune response to Toxoplasma in vivo. By infecting the zebrafish hindbrain ventricle, and using high-resolution microscopy techniques coupled with computer vision-driven automated image analysis, we reveal that Toxoplasma invades brain cells and replicates inside a parasitophorous vacuole to which type I and III parasites recruit host cell mitochondria. We also show that type II and III strains maintain a higher infectious burden than type I strains. To understand how parasites are cleared in vivo, we further analyzed Toxoplasma-macrophage interactions using time-lapse microscopy and three-dimensional correlative light and electron microscopy (3D CLEM). Time-lapse microscopy revealed that macrophages are recruited to the infection site and play a key role in Toxoplasma control. High-resolution 3D CLEM revealed parasitophorous vacuole breakage in brain cells and macrophages in vivo, suggesting that cell-intrinsic mechanisms may be used to destroy the intracellular niche of tachyzoites. Together, our results demonstrate in vivo control of Toxoplasma by macrophages, and highlight the possibility that zebrafish may be further exploited as a novel model system for discoveries within the field of parasite immunity.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.043091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T13:56:43Z","timestamp":1590587803000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The zebrafish as a novel model for the <i>in vivo<\/i> study of <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> replication and interaction with macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nagisa","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Francis Crick Institute 1 Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory , , 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1BF , UK"},{"name":"MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London 2 Section of Microbiology , , London SW7 2AZ , UK"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 3 Department of Infection Biology , , Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Charlotte","family":"Domart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Francis Crick Institute 4 Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform , , 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1BF , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Peddie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Francis Crick Institute 4 Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform , , 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1BF , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Yakimovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London 5 MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology , , Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT , UK"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence for Life Sciences CIC 6 , 40 Gowers Walk, London, E1 8BH , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria J.","family":"Mazon-Moya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London 2 Section of Microbiology , , London SW7 2AZ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London 7 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , , Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Collinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Francis Crick Institute 4 Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform , , 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1BF , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Mercer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London 5 MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology , , Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT , UK"},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham 8 , Edgbaston, B15 2TT , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9515-3442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva-Maria","family":"Frickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Francis Crick Institute 1 Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory , , 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1BF , UK"},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham 8 , Edgbaston, B15 2TT , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7286-6503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Mostowy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London 2 Section of Microbiology , , London SW7 2AZ , UK"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 3 Department of Infection Biology , , Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1086\/342663","article-title":"Genotype of 86 Toxoplasma gondii isolates associated with human congenital toxoplasmosis, and correlation with clinical findings","volume":"186","author":"Ajzenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1086\/597477","article-title":"Genotype of 88 Toxoplasma gondii isolates associated with toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients and correlation with clinical findings","volume":"199","author":"Ajzenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.5.3115-3123.2005","article-title":"CD40 signaling in macrophages induces activity against an intracellular pathogen independently of gamma interferon and reactive nitrogen intermediates","volume":"73","author":"Andrade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.3.607-623.2000","article-title":"Lytic cycle of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"64","author":"Black","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2016.7493463","article-title":"Robust registration of calcium images by learned contrast synthesis","author":"Bogovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISBI"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005447","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005447","article-title":"Neurons are the primary target cell for the brain-tropic intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"12","author":"Cabral","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38011","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038011","article-title":"TrakEM2 software for neural circuit reconstruction","volume":"7","author":"Cardona","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4822","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.8.4822-4826.2000","article-title":"Differential infectivity and division of Toxoplasma gondii in human peripheral blood leukocytes","volume":"68","author":"Channon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.02.007","article-title":"The Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole: an evolving host-parasite frontier","volume":"33","author":"Clough","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1913","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220272110","article-title":"Motile invaded neutrophils in the small intestine of Toxoplasma gondii-infected mice reveal a potential mechanism for parasite spread","volume":"110","author":"Coombes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-02-0666","article-title":"CD11c- and CD11b-expressing mouse leukocytes transport single Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites to the brain","volume":"107","author":"Courret","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.58","article-title":"Nitroreductase-mediated cell\/tissue ablation in zebrafish: a spatially and temporally controlled ablation method with applications in developmental and regeneration studies","volume":"3","author":"Curado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C13","author":"Deerink","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6503","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.11.6503","article-title":"CXCR2 deficiency confers impaired neutrophil recruitment and increased susceptibility during Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"167","author":"Del Rio","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002794","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002794","article-title":"Phagocyte responses to protozoan infection and how Toxoplasma gondii meets the challenge","volume":"8","author":"Denkers","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48388","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.48388","article-title":"Visualizing trypanosomes in a vertebrate host reveals novel swimming behaviours, adaptations and attachment mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"D\u00f3r\u00f3","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.05.019","article-title":"Gr1+ inflammatory monocytes are required for mucosal resistance to the pathogen Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"29","author":"Dunay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00734512","article-title":"The host-parasite relationship of Toxoplasma gondii in the brains of chronically infected mice","volume":"411","author":"Ferguson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Virchows Arch. A Pathol. Anat. Histopathol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/792804","article-title":"Human GBP1 differentially targets Salmonella and Toxoplasma to license recognition of microbial ligands and caspase-mediated death","author":"Fisch","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.01.004","article-title":"Innate resistance against Toxoplasma gondii: an evolutionary tale of mice, cats, and men","volume":"15","author":"Gazzinelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.08.005","article-title":"The case for modelling human infection in zebrafish","volume":"28","author":"Gomes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01126-12","article-title":"Replication and distribution of Toxoplasma gondii in the small intestine after oral infection with tissue cysts","volume":"81","author":"Gregg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E5628","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1515966112","article-title":"Ubiquitin systems mark pathogen-containing vacuoles as targets for host defense by guanylate binding proteins","volume":"112","author":"Haldar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12163","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii dissemination: a parasite's journey through the infected host","volume":"37","author":"Harker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58736-7","article-title":"AMST: alignment to median smoothed template for focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy image stacks","volume":"10","author":"Hennies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.6.1561","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii comprises three clonal lineages: correlation of parasite genotype with human disease","volume":"172","author":"Howe","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2005.05.009","article-title":"An unexpected discovery of two interferon gamma-like genes along with interleukin (IL)-22 and \u221226 from teleost: IL-22 and \u221226 genes have been described for the first time outside mammals","volume":"43","author":"Igawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00150-09","article-title":"Phenotypic and gene expression changes among clonal type I strains of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.20135132","article-title":"transparent, a gene affecting stripe formation in Zebrafish, encodes the mitochondrial protein Mpv17 that is required for iridophore survival","volume":"2","author":"Krauss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Open"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802528","article-title":"New insights into the evolution of IFNs: zebrafish group II IFNs induce a rapid and transient expression of IFN-dependent genes and display powerful antiviral activities","volume":"182","author":"L\u00f3pez-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2011.01.015","article-title":"Evolutionary conserved pro-inflammatory and antigen presentation functions of zebrafish IFNgamma revealed by transcriptomic and functional analysis","volume":"48","author":"L\u00f3pez-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0010024","article-title":"Disruption of Toxoplasma gondii parasitophorous vacuoles by the mouse p47-resistance GTPases","volume":"1","author":"Martens","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006467","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006467","article-title":"Septins restrict inflammation and protect zebrafish larvae from Shigella infection","volume":"13","author":"Mazon Moya","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e02-01-0021","article-title":"Biogenesis of nanotubular network in Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole induced by parasite proteins","volume":"13","author":"Mercier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0403164","article-title":"A novel population of Gr-1 +-activated macrophages induced during acute toxoplasmosis","volume":"74","author":"Mordue","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.150.4.938","article-title":"Macrophage oxygen-dependent antimicrobial activity. I. Susceptibility of Toxoplasma gondii to oxygen intermediates","volume":"150","author":"Murray","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.150.4.950","article-title":"Macrophage oxygen-dependent antimicrobial activity. II. The role of oxygen intermediates","volume":"150","author":"Murray","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.04.003","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis snapshots: global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"39","author":"Pappas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9898","article-title":"Analysis of upstream elements in the HuC promoter leads to the establishment of transgenic zebrafish with fluorescent neurons","volume":"227","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001845","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001845","article-title":"Toxoplasma effector MAF1 mediates recruitment of host mitochondria and impacts the host response","volume":"12","author":"Pernas","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00027-15","article-title":"Long-term relationships: the complicated Interplay between the host and the developmental stages of Toxoplasma gondii during acute and chronic infections","volume":"79","author":"Pittman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Bio. Rev."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.007138","article-title":"A model 450 million years in the making: zebrafish and vertebrate immunity","volume":"5","author":"Renshaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050054","article-title":"Recruitment of Gr-1+ monocytes is essential for control of acute toxoplasmosis","volume":"201","author":"Robben","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3372","article-title":"ClearVolume: open-source live 3D visualization for light-sheet microscopy","volume":"12","author":"Royer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.10.021","article-title":"Exposing Toxoplasma gondii hiding inside the vacuole: a role for GBPs, autophagy and host cell death","volume":"40","author":"Saeij","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.08.001","article-title":"Differences among the three major strains of Toxoplasma gondii and their specific interactions with the infected host","volume":"21","author":"Saeij","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0250-8","article-title":"Alarmin S100A11 initiates a chemokine response to the human pathogen Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"20","author":"Safronova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01157","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01157-15","article-title":"A noncanonical autophagy pathway restricts Toxoplasma gondii growth in a strain-specific manner in IFN-gamma-activated human cells","volume":"6","author":"Selleck","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2016.12","article-title":"Innate recognition of Toxoplasma gondii in humans involves a mechanism distinct from that utilized by rodents","volume":"14","author":"Sher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.7.2340","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha triggers antitoxoplasmal activity of IFN-gamma primed macrophages","volume":"147","author":"Sibley","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.003509","article-title":"The role of gamma interferon in innate immunity in the zebrafish embryo","volume":"2","author":"Sieger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.11.007","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: one organism, multiple models","volume":"33","author":"Szabo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2017.10.002","article-title":"Zebrafish infection: from pathogenesis to cell biology","volume":"28","author":"Torraca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501558","article-title":"The IL-12 response of primary human dendritic cells and monocytes to Toxoplasma gondii is stimulated by phagocytosis of live parasites rather than host cell invasion","volume":"196","author":"Tosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3040","article-title":"Light-sheet functional imaging in fictively behaving zebrafish","volume":"11","author":"Vladimirov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C56","volume-title":"The Zebrafish Book. A Guide for the Laboratory use of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)","author":"Westerfield","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/820076","article-title":"Mimicry embedding for efficient capsule network weights transfer in 3D biomedical micrographs","author":"Yakimovich","year":"2019","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.06.009","article-title":"A cluster of interferon-gamma-inducible p65 GTPases plays a critical role in host defense against Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"37","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-467","article-title":"Genetic basis for phenotypic differences between different Toxoplasma gondii type I strains","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8478","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.12.8478","article-title":"Recognition of Toxoplasma gondii by TLR11 prevents parasite-induced immunopathology","volume":"181","author":"Yarovinsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.08.023","article-title":"Analysis of interferon gamma protein expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"57","author":"Yoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01703","article-title":"Macrophage\u2013microbe interactions: lessons from the zebrafish model","volume":"8","author":"Yoshida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2024061302461578000_DMM043091C63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.10.003","article-title":"Autophagosome-independent essential function for the autophagy protein Atg5 in cellular immunity to intracellular pathogens","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"}],"container-title":["Disease Models &amp; Mechanisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1242\/dmm.043091","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dmm\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/dmm.043091\/3485192\/dmm043091.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dmm\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/dmm.043091\/2065925\/dmm_043091v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dmm\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/dmm.043091\/3485192\/dmm043091.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T02:47:32Z","timestamp":1718246852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dmm\/article\/13\/7\/dmm043091\/225160\/The-zebrafish-as-a-novel-model-for-the-in-vivo"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dmm.043091","relation":{},"ISSN":["1754-8411","1754-8403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1754-8411","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1754-8403","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"article-number":"dmm043091"}}