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Biofilm formation is thought to reduce penetration of antibiotics and immune cells, contributing to chronic and difficult-to-treat infections. A rabbit model of a posterior-approach spinal surgery was created, in which bilateral titanium pedicle screws were interconnected by a plate at the level of lumbar vertebra L6 and inoculated with a methicillin-resistant S.\u2008aureus (MRSA) bioluminescent strain. In vivo whole-animal bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and ex vivo bacterial cultures demonstrated a peak in bacterial burden by day 14, when wound dehiscence occurred. Structures suggestive of biofilm, visualized by scanning electron microscopy, were evident up to 56\u2005days following infection. Infection-induced inflammation and bone remodeling were also monitored using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT). PET imaging signals were noted in the soft tissue and bone surrounding the implanted materials. CT imaging demonstrated marked bone remodeling and a decrease in dense bone at the infection sites. This rabbit model of implant-associated spinal infection provides a valuable preclinical in vivo approach to investigate the pathogenesis of implant-associated spinal infections and to evaluate novel therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.045385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T14:25:19Z","timestamp":1593095119000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Rabbit model of <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> implant-associated spinal infection"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3159-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oren","family":"Gordon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics , , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"},{"name":"Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 2 , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 3 Department of Dermatology , , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 4 Department of Orthopedic Surgery , , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alvaro A.","family":"Ordonez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics , , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"},{"name":"Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 2 , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariah H.","family":"Klunk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics , , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"},{"name":"Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 2 , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dustin A.","family":"Dikeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 3 Department of Dermatology , , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Joyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 3 Department of Dermatology , , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0653-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilo A.","family":"Ruiz-Bedoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics , , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"},{"name":"Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 2 , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lloyd S.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 3 Department of Dermatology , , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 4 Department of Orthopedic Surgery , , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"},{"name":"Janssen Research and Development 5 Immunology , , Spring House, PA 19477 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9620-7070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay K.","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics , , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"},{"name":"Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 2 , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024061302482901400_DMM045385C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.008210","article-title":"Deep wound infection following pediatric scoliosis surgery: incidence and analysis of risk factors","volume":"54","author":"Aleissa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. 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