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Currently, there is only one vaccine against tuberculosis, the Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine. Despite widespread vaccination programmes, over 10 million new M. tuberculosis infections are diagnosed yearly, with almost half a million cases caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. Novel vaccination strategies concentrate mainly on replacing BCG or boosting its efficacy and depend on animal models that accurately recapitulate the human disease. However, efforts to produce new vaccines against an M. tuberculosis infection have encountered several challenges, including the complexity of M. tuberculosis pathogenesis and limited knowledge of the protective immune responses. The preclinical evaluation of novel tuberculosis vaccine candidates is also hampered by the lack of an appropriate animal model that could accurately predict the protective effect of vaccines in humans. Here, we review the role of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and other fish models in the development of novel vaccines against tuberculosis and discuss how these models complement the more traditional mammalian models of tuberculosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.045716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T12:15:14Z","timestamp":1598271314000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Integrating fish models in tuberculosis vaccine development"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anni K.","family":"Saralahti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meri I. E.","family":"Uusi-M\u00e4kel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirja T.","family":"Niskanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5776-164X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mika","family":"R\u00e4met","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland"},{"name":"Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland"},{"name":"PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu FI-90029, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042700263516700_DMM045716C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2019.1632842","article-title":"Synergy between Th1 and Th2 responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: A review of current understanding","volume":"38","author":"Abebe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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