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The tuberculosis (TB) research community has openly admitted to a vacuum of knowledge about neonatal and infant immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, especially in the functional and phenotypic attributes of memory T cell responses elicited by the only available vaccine for TB, the Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine. Although BCG vaccination has variable efficacy in preventing pulmonary TB during adolescence and adulthood, 80% of endemic TB countries still administer BCG at birth because it has a good safety profile and protects children from severe forms of TB. As such, new vaccines must work in conjunction with BCG at birth and, thus, it is essential to understand how BCG shapes the immune system during the first months of life. However, many aspects of the neonatal and infant immune response elicited by vaccination with BCG remain unknown, as only a handful of studies have followed BCG responses in infants. Furthermore, most animal models currently used to study TB vaccine candidates rely on adult-aged animals. This presents unique challenges when transitioning to human trials in neonates or infants. In this Review, we focus on vaccine development in the field of TB and compare the relative utility of animal models used thus far to study neonatal and infant immunity. We encourage the development of neonatal animal models for TB, especially the use of pigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.045740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T12:35:10Z","timestamp":1600173310000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Neonatal and infant immunity for tuberculosis vaccine development: importance of age-matched animal models"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Laylaa","family":"Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery 1 Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Microbiology Immunology and Pathology Department , , Fort Collins, CO 80523 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan K.","family":"Lunney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA Building 1040, Room 103 2 Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory , , Beltsville, MD 20705 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4045-2365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Gonzalez-Juarrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery 1 Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Microbiology Immunology and Pathology Department , , Fort Collins, CO 80523 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024061302462570200_DMM045740C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir240","article-title":"Randomized trial of BCG vaccination at birth to low-birth-weight children: beneficial nonspecific effects in the neonatal period?","volume":"204","author":"Aaby","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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