{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:54:19Z","timestamp":1790470459672,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":163,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F32 AI152296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32 AI152296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 AI007151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI007151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The spread of the novel virus SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was explosive, with cases first identified in December 2019, and &amp;gt;22 million people infected and &amp;gt;775,000 deaths as of August 2020. SARS-CoV-2 can cause severe respiratory disease in humans leading to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The development of effective clinical interventions, such as antivirals and vaccines that can limit or even prevent the burden and spread of SARS-CoV-2, is a global health priority. Testing of leading antivirals, monoclonal antibody therapies and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 will require robust animal and cell models of viral pathogenesis. In this Special Article, we discuss the cell-based and animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis that have been described as of August 2020. We also outline the outstanding questions for which researchers can leverage animal and cell-based models to improve our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and protective immunity. Taken together, the refinement of models of SARS-CoV-2 infection will be critical to guide the development of therapeutics and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 to end the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.046581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T18:28:51Z","timestamp":1598984931000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Cell and animal models of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and immunity"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Leist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Epidemiology , , Chapel Hill, NC 27599 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Epidemiology , , Chapel Hill, NC 27599 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2940-8961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David R.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Epidemiology , , Chapel Hill, NC 27599 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024061302464027400_DMM046581C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2312-y","article-title":"The pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 in hACE2 transgenic mice","volume":"583","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024061302464027400_DMM046581C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764","article-title":"Remdesivir for the treatment of covid-19 - preliminary report","author":"Beigel","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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