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Some humans with NTDs also have PCP gene mutations but these are heterozygous, not homozygous as in mice. Other genetic or environmental factors may interact with partial loss of PCP function in human NTDs. We found that reduced sulfation of glycosaminoglycans interacts with heterozygosity for the Lp allele of Vangl2 (a core PCP gene), to cause craniorachischisis in cultured mouse embryos, with rescue by exogenous sulphate. We hypothesized that this glycosaminoglycan\u2013PCP interaction may regulate CE, but, surprisingly, DiO labelling of the embryonic node demonstrates no abnormality of midline axial extension in sulfation-depleted Lp\/+ embryos. Positive-control Lp\/Lp embryos show severe CE defects. Abnormalities were detected in the size and shape of somites that flank the closing neural tube in sulfation-depleted Lp\/+ embryos. We conclude that failure of closure initiation can arise by a mechanism other than faulty neuroepithelial CE, with possible involvement of matrix-mediated somite expansion, adjacent to the closing neural tube.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.049194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T12:12:44Z","timestamp":1638187964000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Vangl2\u2013environment interaction causes severe neural tube defects, without abnormal neuroepithelial convergent extension"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Nychyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health 1 Developmental Biology and Cancer Research Department , , London WC1N 1EH , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2515-1342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel L.","family":"Galea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health 1 Developmental Biology and Cancer Research Department , , London WC1N 1EH , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Mol\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health 1 Developmental Biology and Cancer Research Department , , London WC1N 1EH , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Savery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health 1 Developmental Biology and Cancer Research Department , , London WC1N 1EH , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas D. 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