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In every complex disorder, identifying the contribution of different genetic and non-genetic risk factors is a key obstacle to understanding disease mechanisms. Genetic studies rely on precise phenotypes and are unable to uncover the genetic contributions to a disorder when phenotypes are imprecise. To address this challenge, deeply phenotyped cohorts have been developed for which detailed, fine-grained data have been collected. These cohorts help us to investigate the underlying biological pathways and risk factors to identify treatment targets, and thus to advance precision medicine. The neurodegenerative disorder Parkinson's disease has a diverse phenotypical presentation and modest heritability, and its underlying disease mechanisms are still being debated. As such, considerable efforts have been made to develop deeply phenotyped cohorts for this disorder. Here, we focus on Parkinson's disease and explore how deep phenotyping can help address the challenges raised by genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. We also discuss recent methods for data collection and computation, as well as methodological challenges that have to be overcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.049376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T20:08:35Z","timestamp":1654546115000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Deep phenotyping for precision medicine in Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ann-Kathrin","family":"Schalkamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Haydn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabila","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Haydn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimena","family":"Monz\u00f3n-Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Haydn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8905-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Sandor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Haydn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022060620074490800_DMM049376C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa033277","article-title":"Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene and Parkinson's disease in Ashkenazi Jews","volume":"351","author":"Aharon-Peretz","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. 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