{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:40:40Z","timestamp":1790278840155,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014131","name":"McGill University Health Centre","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005155","name":"Azrieli Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Heterozygous mutations in SNRPB, an essential core component of the five small ribonucleoprotein particles of the spliceosome, are responsible for cerebrocostomandibular syndrome (CCMS). We show that Snrpb heterozygous mouse embryos arrest shortly after implantation. Additionally, heterozygous deletion of Snrpb in the developing brain and neural crest cells models craniofacial malformations found in CCMS, and results in death shortly after birth. RNAseq analysis of mutant heads prior to morphological defects revealed increased exon skipping and intron retention in association with increased 5\u2032 splice site strength. We found increased exon skipping in negative regulators of the P53 pathway, along with increased levels of nuclear P53 and P53 target genes. However, removing Trp53 in Snrpb heterozygous mutant neural crest cells did not completely rescue craniofacial development. We also found a small but significant increase in exon skipping of several transcripts required for head and midface development, including Smad2 and Rere. Furthermore, mutant embryos exhibited ectopic or missing expression of Fgf8 and Shh, which are required to coordinate face and brain development. Thus, we propose that mis-splicing of transcripts that regulate P53 activity and craniofacial-specific genes contributes to craniofacial malformations.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.049544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T09:50:02Z","timestamp":1653040202000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["<i>Snrpb<\/i> is required in murine neural crest cells for proper splicing and craniofacial morphogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sabrina Shameen","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre at Glen Site 1 , Montreal, QC H4A 3J1 , Canada"},{"name":"McGill University 2 Department of Human Genetics , , Montreal, QC H3A 0G1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre at Glen Site 1 , Montreal, QC H4A 3J1 , Canada"},{"name":"McGill University 2 Department of Human Genetics , , Montreal, QC H3A 0G1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Claude","family":"Beauchamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre at Glen Site 1 , Montreal, QC H4A 3J1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Bareke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University 2 Department of Human Genetics , , Montreal, QC H3A 0G1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexia","family":"Boucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre at Glen Site 1 , Montreal, QC H4A 3J1 , Canada"},{"name":"McGill University 3 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , , Montreal, QC H3A 2B2 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Nzirorera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre at Glen Site 1 , Montreal, QC H4A 3J1 , Canada"},{"name":"McGill University 2 Department of Human Genetics , , Montreal, QC H3A 0G1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanchen","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre at Glen Site 1 , Montreal, QC H4A 3J1 , Canada"},{"name":"McGill University 2 Department of Human Genetics , , Montreal, QC H3A 0G1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinnier","family":"Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University 2 Department of Human Genetics , , Montreal, QC H3A 0G1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University 2 Department of Human Genetics , , Montreal, QC H3A 0G1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Majewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University 2 Department of Human Genetics , , Montreal, QC H3A 0G1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5047-4058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loydie A.","family":"Jerome-Majewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre at Glen Site 1 , Montreal, QC H4A 3J1 , Canada"},{"name":"McGill University 2 Department of Human Genetics , , Montreal, QC H3A 0G1 , Canada"},{"name":"McGill University 3 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , , Montreal, QC H3A 2B2 , Canada"},{"name":"McGill University 4 Department of Pediatrics , , Montreal, QC H4A 3J1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022062313192119200_DMM049544C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu638","article-title":"HTSeq--a Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data","volume":"31","author":"Anders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2022062313192119200_DMM049544C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22729","article-title":"Mutations in SNRPB, encoding components of the core splicing machinery, cause cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Bacrot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. 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