{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:04:37Z","timestamp":1772168677116,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Horizon 2020 framework","award":["H2020-MSCA-IF-2020-895330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-MSCA-IF-2020-895330"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["772853 \u2013 ENTRAPMENT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["772853 \u2013 ENTRAPMENT"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["206444\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206444\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009660","name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009660","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Shigella are Gram-negative bacterial pathogens responsible for bacillary dysentery (also called shigellosis). The absence of a licensed vaccine and widespread emergence of antibiotic resistance has led the World Health Organisation (WHO) to highlight Shigella as a priority pathogen requiring urgent attention. Several infection models have been useful to explore the Shigella infection process; yet, we still lack information regarding events taking place in vivo. Here, using a Shigella-zebrafish infection model and high-content microscopy, we developed an automated microscopy workflow to non-invasively study fluorescently labelled bacteria and neutrophils in vivo. We applied our workflow to antibiotic-treated zebrafish, and demonstrate that antibiotics reduce bacterial burden and not neutrophil recruitment to the hindbrain ventricle. We discovered that nalidixic acid (a bactericidal antibiotic) can work with leukocytes in an additive manner to control Shigella flexneri infection and can also restrict dissemination of Shigella sonnei from the hindbrain ventricle. We envision that our automated microscopy workflow, applied here to study the interactions between Shigella and neutrophils as well as antibiotic efficacy in zebrafish, can be useful to innovate treatments for infection control in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.049908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T04:20:31Z","timestamp":1682482831000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An automated microscopy workflow to study\n                    <i>Shigella<\/i>\n                    \u2013neutrophil interactions and antibiotic efficacy\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8197-4039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur","family":"Lensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 1 Department of Infection Biology , , London WC1E 7HT , United Kingdom"},{"name":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, PSL Universit\u00e9 Paris 2 D\u00e9partement de Biologie , , F-75005, Paris , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9656-6145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida C.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 1 Department of Infection Biology , , London WC1E 7HT , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0289-738X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Teresa","family":"L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 1 Department of Infection Biology , , London WC1E 7HT , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7286-6503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Mostowy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 1 Department of Infection Biology , , London WC1E 7HT , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080410540327300_DMM049908C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122666","article-title":"Azithromycin and chloramphenicol diminish neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) release","volume":"18","author":"Bystrzycka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2023080410540327300_DMM049908C2","unstructured":"CDC (2010). National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS): Human Isolates Final Report, (2008). Atlanta, Georg. U.SDep. Heal. Hum. Serv. CDC."},{"key":"2023080410540327300_DMM049908C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.08.001","article-title":"Using engineered bacteria to characterize infection dynamics and antibiotic effects In Vivo","volume":"22","author":"Certain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2023080410540327300_DMM049908C4","first-page":"49","article-title":"Neutropenia caused by low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in children with chronic pathology of the urinary tract","volume":"12","author":"De Manzini","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr. Med. 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Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2023080410540327300_DMM049908C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.08.005","article-title":"The case for modeling human infection in zebrafish","volume":"28","author":"Gomes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"2023080410540327300_DMM049908C10","first-page":"2022.11.03.515069","article-title":"Shigella induces epigenetic reprogramming of zebrafish neutrophils","author":"Gomes","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2023080410540327300_DMM049908C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat9689","article-title":"Subcellular antibiotic visualization reveals a dynamic drug reservoir in infected macrophages","volume":"364","author":"Greenwood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science (80-.)."},{"key":"2023080410540327300_DMM049908C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-213X-7-42","article-title":"The zebrafish lysozyme C promoter drives myeloid-specific expression in transgenic fish","volume":"7","author":"Hall","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Dev. 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