{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T14:48:51Z","timestamp":1781534931844,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01HL153054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL153054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K99HL130035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99HL130035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R00HL130035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00HL130035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001625","name":"Foundation to Eradicate Duchenne","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001625","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Clark Charitable Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["L40AR068727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L40AR068727"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001625","name":"Foundation to Eradicate Duchenne","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001625","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Defense","award":["W81XWH-17-1-0475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-17-1-0475"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009238","name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009238","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Absence of dystrophin results in muscular weakness, chronic inflammation and cardiomyopathy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Pharmacological corticosteroids are the DMD standard of care; however, they have harsh side effects and unclear molecular benefits. It is uncertain whether signaling by physiological corticosteroids and their receptors plays a modifying role in the natural etiology of DMD. Here, we knocked out the glucocorticoid receptor (GR, encoded by Nr3c1) specifically in myofibers and cardiomyocytes within wild-type and mdx52 mice to dissect its role in muscular dystrophy. Double-knockout mice showed significantly worse phenotypes than mdx52 littermate controls in measures of grip strength, hang time, inflammatory pathology and gene expression. In the heart, GR deletion acted additively with dystrophin loss to exacerbate cardiomyopathy, resulting in enlarged hearts, pathological gene expression and systolic dysfunction, consistent with imbalanced mineralocorticoid signaling. The results show that physiological GR functions provide a protective role during muscular dystrophy, directly contrasting its degenerative role in other disease states. These data provide new insights into corticosteroids in disease pathophysiology and establish a new model to investigate cell-autonomous roles of nuclear receptors and mechanisms of pharmacological corticosteroids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.050397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T08:08:19Z","timestamp":1716278899000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The glucocorticoid receptor acts locally to protect dystrophic muscle and heart during disease"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Trinitee","family":"Oliver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital 1 , Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Howard University 2 Department of Biology , , Washington, DC 20059, USA"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center 3 , West Hollywood, CA 90048, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nhu Y.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital 1 , Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"North Carolina State University 4 Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences , , Raleigh, NC 27607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher B.","family":"Tully","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital 1 , Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikki M.","family":"McCormack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital 1 , Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina M.","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital 1 , Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3458-8036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyson A.","family":"Fiorillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital 1 , Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"The George Washington University 5 Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine , , Washington, DC 20037, USA"},{"name":"Center for Inherited Muscle Research 6 , Department of Neurology , , Richmond, VA 23298, USA"},{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University 6 , Department of Neurology , , Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7914-2068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Heier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital 1 , Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"The George Washington University 5 Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine , , Washington, DC 20037, USA"},{"name":"Center for Inherited Muscle Research 6 , Department of Neurology , , Richmond, VA 23298, USA"},{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University 6 , Department of Neurology , , Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7605","article-title":"Cardiac hypertrophy with preserved contractile function after selective deletion of GLUT4 from the heart","volume":"104","author":"Abel","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119509","article-title":"Gene recombination in postmitotic cells. Targeted expression of Cre recombinase provokes cardiac-restricted, site-specific rearrangement in adult ventricular muscle in vivo","volume":"100","author":"Agah","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200101000-00025","article-title":"Effect of glucocorticoid therapy on glucocorticoid receptors in children with autoimmune diseases","volume":"49","author":"Andreae","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa209","article-title":"Serum miRNAs are pharmacodynamic biomarkers associated with therapeutic response in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"26","author":"Batra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065874","article-title":"Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"294","author":"Bodine","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406458102","article-title":"Acquired deficit of forebrain glucocorticoid receptor produces depression-like changes in adrenal axis regulation and behavior","volume":"102","author":"Boyle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-230375","article-title":"Cancer- and endotoxin-induced cachexia require intact glucocorticoid signaling in skeletal muscle","volume":"27","author":"Braun","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00766","article-title":"Toward a diagnostic score in Cushing's syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Braun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1038\/nm895","article-title":"T-cell glucocorticoid receptor is required to suppress COX-2-mediated lethal immune activation","volume":"9","author":"Brewer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C10","first-page":"893","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid excess, dietary sodium, and myocardial fibrosis","volume":"120","author":"Brilla","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000173836.09176.c4","article-title":"Early onset of inflammation and later involvement of TGF\u03b2 in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.9.13.1608","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor gene blocks adrenergic chromaffin cell development and severely retards lung maturation","volume":"9","author":"Cole","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv460","article-title":"Effect of genetic background on the dystrophic phenotype in mdx mice","volume":"25","author":"Coley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e208112","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000208112","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of vamorolone over 48 weeks in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"102","author":"Dang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13504","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.25.13504","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-mediated repression of nuclear factor-\u03baB-dependent transcription involves direct interference with transactivation","volume":"94","author":"de Bosscher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3919","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.8.3919","article-title":"Glucocorticoids repress NF-\u03baB-driven genes by disturbing the interaction of p65 with the basal transcription machinery, irrespective of coactivator levels in the cell","volume":"97","author":"de Bosscher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.117531","article-title":"Cross-talk between mineralocorticoid and angiotensin II signaling for cardiac remodeling","volume":"52","author":"di Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00248-3","article-title":"Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"7","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-210689","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, global phase 3 study of edasalonexent in pediatric patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: results of the PolarisDMD trial","volume":"8","author":"Finkel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuromuscul. Dis."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.07.066","article-title":"TNF-alpha-induced microRNAs control dystrophin expression in becker muscular dystrophy","volume":"12","author":"Fiorillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00134.2017","article-title":"Muscle miRNAome shows suppression of chronic inflammatory miRNAs with both prednisone and vamorolone","volume":"50","author":"Fiorillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Genomics"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.983023","article-title":"Deletion of cardiomyocyte mineralocorticoid receptor ameliorates adverse remodeling after myocardial infarction","volume":"123","author":"Fraccarollo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19422","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55950-w","article-title":"Dystrophin and calcium current are decreased in cardiomyocytes expressing Cre enzyme driven by \u03b1MHC but not TNT promoter","volume":"9","author":"Gillet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.3_Part_1.520","article-title":"Duchenne dystrophy: randomized, controlled trial of prednisone (18 months) and azathioprine (12 months)","volume":"43","author":"Griggs","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201000136","article-title":"Growing muscle has different sarcolemmal properties from adult muscle: a proposal with scientific and clinical implications: reasons to reassess skeletal muscle molecular dynamics, cellular responses and suitability of experimental models of muscle disorders","volume":"33","author":"Grounds","year":"2011","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-1024com","article-title":"Anti-TNF\u03b1 (Remicade\u00ae) therapy protects dystrophic skeletal muscle from necrosis","volume":"18","author":"Grounds","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.2480","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Vamorolone vs placebo and prednisone among boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"79","author":"Guglieri","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-004-0999-y","article-title":"Molecular heterogeneity of the dystrophin-associated protein complex in the mouse kidney nephron: differential alterations in the absence of utrophin and dystrophin","volume":"319","author":"Haenggi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90341","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.90341","article-title":"Disease-modifying effects of orally bioavailable NF-\u03baB inhibitors in dystrophin-deficient muscle","volume":"1","author":"Hammers","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70987-y","article-title":"The D2.mdx mouse as a preclinical model of the skeletal muscle pathology associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"10","author":"Hammers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31727","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31727","article-title":"Serum pharmacodynamic biomarkers for chronic corticosteroid treatment of children","volume":"6","author":"Hathout","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2506","article-title":"Oxidation of CaMKII determines the cardiotoxic effects of aldosterone","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201302621","article-title":"VBP15, a novel anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizer, improves muscular dystrophy without side effects","volume":"5","author":"Heier","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e192","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2016.49","article-title":"Identification of pathway-specific serum biomarkers of response to glucocorticoid and infliximab treatment in children with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"7","author":"Heier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e201800186","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.201800186","article-title":"Vamorolone targets dual nuclear receptors to treat inflammation and dystrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"2","author":"Heier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13171","article-title":"The X-linked Becker muscular dystrophy (bmx) mouse models Becker muscular dystrophy via deletion of murine dystrophin exons 45-47","volume":"14","author":"Heier","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90579-4","article-title":"Dystrophin: the protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus","volume":"51","author":"Hoffman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1312","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008168","article-title":"Vamorolone trial in Duchenne muscular dystrophy shows dose-related improvement of muscle function","volume":"93","author":"Hoffman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e159875","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.159875","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and glucocorticoids differentially affect skeletal muscle inflammation and pathology in muscular dystrophy","volume":"7","author":"Howard","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38770","article-title":"Endogenous glucocorticoids and impaired insulin signaling are both required to stimulate muscle wasting under pathophysiological conditions in mice","volume":"119","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03780-1","article-title":"Cryptic glucocorticoid receptor-binding sites pervade genomic NF-\u03baB response elements","volume":"9","author":"Hudson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41215","article-title":"Muscle weakness in myositis: MicroRNA-mediated dystrophin reduction in a myositis mouse model and human muscle biopsies","volume":"72","author":"Kinder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.3_Part_1.532","article-title":"Mononuclear cell analysis of muscle biopsies in prednisone- and azathioprine-treated Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"43","author":"Kissel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90504-6","article-title":"Complete cloning of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) cDNA and preliminary genomic organization of the DMD gene in normal and affected individuals","volume":"50","author":"Koenig","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5513","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32163-w","article-title":"The unconditioned fear response in dystrophin-deficient mice is associated with adrenal and vascular function","volume":"13","author":"Lindsay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22034","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202101163RR","article-title":"Sensitivity to behavioral stress impacts disease pathogenesis in dystrophin-deficient mice","volume":"35","author":"Lindsay","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.113.15.2715","article-title":"Assembly of multiple dystrobrevin-containing complexes in the kidney","volume":"113","author":"Loh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E363","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00487.2002","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with upregulation of myostatin gene expression","volume":"285","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2144178","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.44178","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of vamorolone in duchenne muscular dystrophy: a 30-month nonrandomized controlled open-label extension trial","volume":"5","author":"Mah","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112344","article-title":"Metabolic acidosis stimulates protein degradation in rat muscle by a glucocorticoid-dependent mechanism","volume":"77","author":"May","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-018-0171-0","article-title":"MuscleJ: a high-content analysis method to study skeletal muscle with a new Fiji tool","volume":"8","author":"Mayeuf-Louchart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107161","article-title":"Vamorolone improves Becker muscular dystrophy and increases dystrophin protein in bmx model mice","volume":"26","author":"McCormack","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/323646a0","article-title":"Isolation of candidate cDNAs for portions of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene","volume":"323","author":"Monaco","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302546110","article-title":"Essential role of stress hormone signaling in cardiomyocytes for the prevention of heart disease","volume":"110","author":"Oakley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaau9685","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aau9685","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors directly and antagonistically regulate heart disease in mice","volume":"12","author":"Oakley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/11.3.263","article-title":"A chronic inflammatory response dominates the skeletal muscle molecular signature in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice","volume":"11","author":"Porter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddg197","article-title":"Dissection of temporal gene expression signatures of affected and spared muscle groups in dystrophin-deficient (mdx) mice","volume":"12","author":"Porter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2015.06.019","article-title":"Prolonged Cre expression driven by the \u03b1-myosin heavy chain promoter can be cardiotoxic","volume":"86","author":"Pugach","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.05.005","article-title":"Glucocorticoids suppress bone formation by attenuating osteoblast differentiation via the monomeric glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"11","author":"Rauch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.028","article-title":"Modulation of transcriptional mineralocorticoid receptor activity by nitrosative stress","volume":"53","author":"Ruhs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(94)90165-1","article-title":"Turnover of skeletal muscle contractile proteins in glucocorticoid myopathy","volume":"50","author":"Seene","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.42.629","article-title":"Differences in down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA by cortisol, prednisolone and dexamethasone in HeLa cells","volume":"42","author":"Shimojo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128X(94)90013-2","article-title":"Regulation of the human glucocorticoid receptor by long-term and chronic treatment with glucocorticoid","volume":"59","author":"Silva","year":"1994","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003222","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003222","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of vamorolone in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an 18-month interim analysis of a non-randomized open-label extension study","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2008.03.008","article-title":"Dystrophin-deficient cardiomyopathy in mouse: expression of Nox4 and Lox are associated with fibrosis and altered functional parameters in the heart","volume":"18","author":"Spurney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21211","article-title":"Preclinical drug trials in the mdx mouse: assessment of reliable and sensitive outcome measures","volume":"39","author":"Spurney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64454-9","article-title":"Aldosterone-induced inflammation in the rat heart: role of oxidative stress","volume":"161","author":"Sun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI37413","article-title":"Glucocorticoid protects rodent hearts from ischemia\/reperfusion injury by activating lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase-derived PGD2 biosynthesis","volume":"119","author":"Tokudome","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/12703","article-title":"Disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in the nervous system results in reduced anxiety","volume":"23","author":"Tronche","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28034","article-title":"Macrophages and neutrophils are the targets for immune suppression by glucocorticoids in contact allergy","volume":"117","author":"Tuckermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118586","article-title":"Muscle wasting in a rat model of long-lasting sepsis results from the activation of lysosomal, Ca2+ -activated, and ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathways","volume":"97","author":"Voisin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1210","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00512.2011","article-title":"A cell-autonomous role for the glucocorticoid receptor in skeletal muscle atrophy induced by systemic glucocorticoid exposure","volume":"302","author":"Watson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"2024052108075784200_DMM050397C73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3070639","article-title":"Increase in ubiquitin-protein conjugates concomitant with the increase in proteolysis in rat skeletal muscle during starvation and atrophy denervation","volume":"307","author":"Wing","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem. J."}],"container-title":["Disease Models &amp; Mechanisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dmm\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/dmm.050397\/3435662\/dmm050397.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dmm\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/dmm.050397\/3435662\/dmm050397.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T08:08:28Z","timestamp":1716278908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dmm\/article\/17\/5\/dmm050397\/348416\/The-glucocorticoid-receptor-acts-locally-to"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dmm.050397","relation":{},"ISSN":["1754-8403","1754-8411"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1754-8403","type":"print"},{"value":"1754-8411","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"article-number":"dmm050397"}}