{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:10:33Z","timestamp":1790745033888,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U19 AI142784"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI142784"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007914","name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007914","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lung disease due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is rising in incidence. Although both two-dimensional cell culture and animal models exist for NTM infections, a major knowledge gap is the early responses of human alveolar and innate immune cells to NTM within the human alveolar microenvironment. Here, we describe the development of a humanized, three-dimensional, alveolus lung-on-a-chip (ALoC) model of Mycobacterium fortuitum lung infection that incorporates only primary human cells, such as pulmonary vascular endothelial cells, in a vascular channel, and type I and II alveolar cells and monocyte-derived macrophages in an alveolar channel along an air\u2013liquid interface. M. fortuitum introduced into the alveolar channel primarily infected macrophages, with rare bacteria inside alveolar cells. Bulk RNA sequencing of infected chips revealed marked upregulation of transcripts for cytokines, chemokines and secreted protease inhibitors (SERPINs). Our results demonstrate how a humanized ALoC system can identify critical early immune and epithelial responses to M. fortuitum infection. We envision potential application of the ALoC to other NTM and in studies of new antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.052085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T08:01:54Z","timestamp":1752134514000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An alveolus lung-on-a-chip model of\n                    <i>Mycobacterium fortuitum<\/i>\n                    lung infection"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1276-6563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Ektnitphong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 1 Department of Internal Medicine , , 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Y9.308, Dallas, TX 75390-9113 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7433-3869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz R. S.","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 1 Department of Internal Medicine , , 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Y9.308, Dallas, TX 75390-9113 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1789-3290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscila C.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 1 Department of Internal Medicine , , 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Y9.308, Dallas, TX 75390-9113 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4329-2253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael U.","family":"Shiloh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 1 Department of Internal Medicine , , 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Y9.308, Dallas, TX 75390-9113 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 2 Department of Microbiology , , 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Y9.308, Dallas, TX 75390-9113 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.2c00314","article-title":"Efficacy and mode of action of a direct inhibitor of Mycobacterium abscessus InhA","volume":"8","author":"Alcaraz","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-023-00562-6","article-title":"The roles of neutrophils in non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease","volume":"22","author":"Alkarni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1276-2","article-title":"Group 3 innate lymphoid cells mediate early protective immunity against tuberculosis","volume":"570","author":"Ardain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29562-4","article-title":"Mechanical control of innate immune responses against viral infection revealed in a human lung alveolus chip","volume":"13","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007083","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007083","article-title":"The complexities and challenges of preventing and treating nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases","volume":"13","author":"Baldwin","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111063","article-title":"Mycobacteria develop biofilms on airway epithelial cells and promote mucosal barrier disruption","volume":"27","author":"Barclay","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253037","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1253037","article-title":"Airway epithelial cells mount an early response to mycobacterial infection","volume":"13","author":"Barclay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012414-040418","article-title":"Engineered in vitro disease models","volume":"10","author":"Benam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3697","article-title":"Small airway-on-a-chip enables analysis of human lung inflammation and drug responses in vitro","volume":"13","author":"Benam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09247","article-title":"An interferon-inducible neutrophil-driven blood transcriptional signature in human tuberculosis","volume":"466","author":"Berry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C11","volume-title":"Lung Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections","author":"Bethencourt","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20210469","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20210469","article-title":"Eosinophils are part of the granulocyte response in tuberculosis and promote host resistance in mice","volume":"218","author":"Bohrer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002689","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002689","article-title":"Vitamin D inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macrophages through the induction of autophagy","volume":"8","author":"Campbell","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0117657","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117657","article-title":"Mycobacterium abscessus morphotype comparison in a murine model","volume":"10","author":"Caverly","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-1068.1000216","article-title":"Animal models of non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections","volume":"6","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mycobacterial Dis."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0230OC","article-title":"Whole-blood gene expression in pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection","volume":"58","author":"Cowman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.08.035","article-title":"Epidemiology of Mycobacterium abscessus","volume":"30","author":"Cristancho-Rojas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt451","article-title":"GM-CSF knockout mice for preclinical testing of agents with antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium abscessus","volume":"69","author":"De Groote","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025012","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab7073","article-title":"Co-infection with Staphylococcus aureus after primary influenza virus infection leads to damage of the endothelium in a human alveolus-on-a-chip model","volume":"12","author":"Deinhardt-Emmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05925-y","article-title":"Epidemiological risk factors and the geographical distribution of eight Mycobacterium species","volume":"21","author":"Donohue","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.11.002","article-title":"The ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 functions in selective autophagy of mycobacterium tuberculosis and anti-tuberculous host defense","volume":"21","author":"Franco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662063","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.662063","article-title":"Microbial phagocytic receptors and their potential involvement in cytokine induction in macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.8.1647","article-title":"Beige mouse model for Mycobacterium avium complex disease","volume":"39","author":"Gangadharam","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-018-2486-6","article-title":"iDEP: an integrated web application for differential expression and pathway analysis of RNA-Seq data","volume":"19","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4001","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00150-13","article-title":"Virulence and immune response induced by Mycobacterium avium complex strains in a model of progressive pulmonary tuberculosis and subcutaneous infection in BALB\/c mice","volume":"81","author":"Gonzalez-Perez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121420","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis-on-chip: a quantitative treatment study of human Aspergillus fumigatus infection","volume":"283","author":"Hoang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159ra147","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004249","article-title":"A human disease model of drug toxicity-induced pulmonary edema in a lung-on-a-chip microdevice","volume":"4","author":"Huh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188302","article-title":"Reconstituting organ-level lung functions on a chip","volume":"328","author":"Huh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40089h","article-title":"Microengineered physiological biomimicry: organs-on-chips","volume":"12","author":"Huh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14824","article-title":"Mycobacteria-host interactions in human bronchiolar airway organoids","volume":"117","author":"Iakobachvili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.742","article-title":"Primary human lung alveolus-on-a-chip model of intravascular thrombosis for assessment of therapeutics","volume":"103","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00357","article-title":"CFTR depletion confers hypersusceptibility to mycobacterium fortuitum in a zebrafish model","volume":"10","author":"Johansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872361","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.872361","article-title":"Development of human cell-based in vitro infection models to determine the intracellular survival of Mycobacterium avium","volume":"12","author":"Kilinc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0205123","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02051-23","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of Mycobacterium fortuitum pulmonary disease","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1012295","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012295","article-title":"Advances in an in vitro tuberculosis infection model using human lung organoids for host-directed therapies","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16451","article-title":"Unique role for ATG5 in neutrophil-mediated immunopathology during M. tuberculosis infection","volume":"528","author":"Kimmey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2023.102377","article-title":"The many hosts of mycobacteria 9 (MHM9): a conference report","volume":"142","author":"Klever","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.08.036","article-title":"Mycobacterium abscessus, a complex of three fast-growing subspecies sharing virulence traits with slow-growing mycobacteria","volume":"30","author":"Lagune","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011559","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011559","article-title":"Druggable redox pathways against Mycobacterium abscessus in cystic fibrosis patient-derived airway organoids","volume":"19","author":"Leon-Icaza","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2018.01.008","article-title":"The strength of mechanical forces determines the differentiation of alveolar epithelial cells","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5122967","article-title":"AAV-mediated gene therapy targeting TRPV4 mechanotransduction for inhibition of pulmonary vascular leakage","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"APL Bioeng."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016038","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1016038","article-title":"T-cell deficiency and hyperinflammatory monocyte responses associate with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease","volume":"13","author":"Lindestam Arlehamn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02953-x","article-title":"Lysoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved cell death pathway moderated by intracellular serpins","volume":"5","author":"Luke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2023.102305","article-title":"Environmental risk of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection: Strategies for advancing methodology","volume":"139","author":"Mercaldo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb.)"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.09.016","article-title":"Mechanopathology of biofilm-like Mycobacterium tuberculosis cords","volume":"186","author":"Mishra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0038424","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00384-24","article-title":"Cytosolic serpins act in a cytoprotective feedback loop that limits ESX-1-dependent death of Mycobacterium marinum-infected macrophages","volume":"15","author":"Nobs","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1007696","article-title":"Animal model of Mycobacterium abscessus lung infection","volume":"83","author":"Ordway","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01606-13","article-title":"Host response to nontuberculous mycobacterial infections of current clinical importance","volume":"82","author":"Orme","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(99)00148-1","article-title":"Characterization of the functional replication origin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"233","author":"Qin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9080641","article-title":"Preclinical models of nontuberculous mycobacteria infection for early drug discovery and vaccine research","volume":"9","author":"Rampacci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0160722","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01607-22","article-title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of NITD-916 against Mycobacterium fortuitum","volume":"67","author":"Roquet-Baneres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20210915","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20210915","article-title":"Blood transcriptomics reveal the evolution and resolution of the immune response in tuberculosis","volume":"218","author":"Tabone","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59961","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.59961","article-title":"A lung-on-chip model of early Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection reveals an essential role for alveolar epithelial cells in controlling bacterial growth","volume":"9","author":"Thacker","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011257","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011257","article-title":"Mycobacterium abscessus resists the innate cellular response by surviving cell lysis of infected phagocytes","volume":"19","author":"Toure","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.007","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacteria: diagnosis and therapy","volume":"43","author":"Varley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.09.004","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals heterogeneity and intercellular crosstalk in human tuberculosis lung","volume":"87","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11092334","article-title":"Comparative proteomic analysis of exosomes derived from patients infected with non-tuberculous mycobacterium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112412","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics of blood identified IFIT1+ neutrophil subcluster expansion in NTM-PD patients","volume":"137","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"2025101110465169800_DMM052085C59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201804-236OC","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in a large U.S. managed care health plan, 2008-2015","volume":"17","author":"Winthrop","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."}],"container-title":["Disease Models &amp; Mechanisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dmm\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/dmm.052085\/3656067\/dmm052085.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dmm\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/dmm.052085\/3659496\/dmm052085.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dmm\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/dmm.052085\/3659496\/dmm052085.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:47:01Z","timestamp":1760194021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dmm\/article\/18\/9\/dmm052085\/368765\/An-alveolus-lung-on-a-chip-model-of-Mycobacterium"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dmm.052085","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.08.30.610530","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1754-8403","1754-8411"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1754-8403","type":"print"},{"value":"1754-8411","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"article-number":"dmm052085"}}