{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T08:04:29Z","timestamp":1780387469534,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 AI153425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI153425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U19 AI089674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI089674"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U19 AI150741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI150741"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006772","name":"Max and Minnie Tomerlin Voelcker Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006772","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T32GM145432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM145432"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["F30 AI176697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F30 AI176697"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008635","name":"University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008635","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The development of malaria blood-stage vaccines has been hampered by sequence variation in many Plasmodium falciparum proteins involved in erythrocyte invasion. In the past few years, asparagine-rich merozoite antigen (PfARMA) has emerged as a potential vaccine candidate due to its low amino acid sequence diversity and the association between anti-PfARMA antibody levels and protection from malaria. Here, we used samples from P. falciparum-exposed individuals to study naturally acquired B cell and antibody responses to PfARMA. B cell responses to PfARMA were dominated by IgM+ B cells that recognized the N-terminal intrinsically disordered region 1 (IDR1) of PfARMA. A human monoclonal antibody (hmAb) to IDR1 was non-neutralizing, while a second hmAb binding to the folded domain showed weak neutralizing activity. Both PfARMA-specific plasma IgM and IgG responses predominately targeted IDR1, and their levels increased with P. falciparum exposure. However, in contrast to previous reports, these antibody responses did not correlate with protection in age- and exposure-matched children. Interestingly, approximately 30% of unexposed individuals had IgG that also targeted IDR1 and was polyreactive, binding to regions with high asparagine content. Finally, we determined that PfARMA is located in or near micronemes that contain erythrocyte binding antigen 175 (PfEBA-175). These data suggest that while IgG to the folded domain of PfARMA may inhibit parasite growth, antibody responses to PfARMA are primarily directed to IDR1. Consequently, these responses may reflect recent exposure rather than contributing to functional immunity to malaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.052979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:52:36Z","timestamp":1779087156000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The N-terminal region of malaria vaccine candidate asparagine-rich merozoite antigen is immunodominant and targeted by polyreactive antibodies"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2764-7800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolando","family":"Garza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics , , San Antonio, TX 78229,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Marchioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering , , Austin, TX 78712,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared D.","family":"Honeycutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Francisco 3 Department of Medicine , , San Francisco, CA 94158,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas K.","family":"Hurlburt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center 4 Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division , , Seattle, WA 98109,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics , , San Antonio, TX 78229,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anakaren","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics , , San Antonio, TX 78229,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddharth","family":"Neog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics , , San Antonio, TX 78229,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Loranc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics , , San Antonio, TX 78229,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Yemington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering , , Austin, TX 78712,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalton","family":"Towers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering , , Austin, TX 78712,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Ssewanyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Collaboration 5 , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Pancera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center 4 Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division , , Seattle, WA 98109,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason J.","family":"Lavinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin 6 Department of Chemical Engineering , , Austin, TX 78712,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasanna","family":"Jagannathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University 7 Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases , , Stanford, CA 94305,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Stanford University 8 Department of Microbiology and Immunology , , Stanford, CA 94305,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Greenhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Francisco 3 Department of Medicine , , San Francisco, CA 94158,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiaan","family":"Bol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics , , San Antonio, TX 78229,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4003-3053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelien M.","family":"Bunnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics , , San Antonio, TX 78229,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060203074593000_DMM052979C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00130-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00130-18","article-title":"Calcium-dependent protein kinase 5 is required for release of egress-specific organelles in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"9","author":"Absalon","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026060203074593000_DMM052979C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29713","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29713","article-title":"Malaria and other infections induce polyreactive antibodies that impact SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity estimations in endemic settings","volume":"96","author":"Aguilar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"2026060203074593000_DMM052979C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3096-0","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms in malaria vaccine candidate Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte-binding protein homologue-5 among populations in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"19","author":"Ajibaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar. 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