{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T18:02:23Z","timestamp":1783706543697,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1992,5,1]],"date-time":"1992-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":704678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Retinoic acid is essential for the normal differentiation of epithelia but its cellular function is obscure. The expression patterns of retinoic acid receptors (RARs) in skin cell types may give an insight into the role of retinoic acid in skin. We have compared the patterns of RAR expression in human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts in vitro, and studied the effects of retinoic acid on RAR expression. RAR-\u03b1 and RAR-\u03b3 were expressed in keratinocytes and fibroblasts: RAR-\u03b3 was expressed at similar levels in both cell types but RAR-\u03b1 was more abundant in fibroblasts. There were no differences in expression of either RAR-\u03b1 or RAR-\u03b3 between stratifying (high-calcium medium) and proliferating (low-calcium medium) keratinocytes and expression of these RARs was unaffected by retinoic acid. RAR-\u03b2 was undetectable in keratinocytes. In the majority of fibroblast cell lines, RAR-\u03b2 transcripts were either undetectable or expressed at a low level. Retinoic acid at low concentrations (10\u221210 to 10\u22129 M) rapidly induced the expression of RAR-\u03b3. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) analogues inhibit RAR-\u03b2 induction in teratocarcinoma cells. However, dibutyryl-cAMP did not affect RAR-\u03b2 induction in fibroblasts. Forskolin, an adenylate cyclase activator, and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthine (IBMX) decreased constitutive RAR-\u03b2 mRNA levels but did not block induction of RAR-\u03b2 by retinoic acid. Since intracellular cAMP levels were only increased detectably in response to forskolin, the reduction in constitutive levels of RAR-\u03b2 mRNA may be mediated by mechanisms other than via cAMP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.102.1.113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T15:20:56Z","timestamp":1619364056000},"page":"113-121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Retinoic acid receptor expression in human skin keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Christopher P. 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