{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:18:27Z","timestamp":1791220707792,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,15]],"date-time":"1999-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":934675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins constitute a family of bacterial protein toxins responsible for two deadly syndromes in humans (tetanus and botulism, respectively). They bind with high affinity to neurons wherein they cause a complete inhibition of evoked neurotransmitter release. Here we report on the cloning, expression and use of the recombinant fragments of the heavy chains of tetanus neurotoxin and botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A, B and E as tools to study the neurospecific binding of the holotoxins. We found that the recombinant 50 kDa carboxy-terminal domains of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins alone are responsible for the specific binding and internalisation into spinal cord cells in culture. Moreover, we provide evidence that the recombinant fragments block the internalization of the parental holotoxins in a dose-dependent manner, as determined by following the neurotoxin-dependent cleavage of their targets VAMP\/synaptobrevin and SNAP-25. In addition, the recombinant binding fragments cause a significant delay in the paralysis induced by the corresponding holotoxin on the mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation. Taken together, these results show that the carboxy-terminal domain of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins is necessary and sufficient for the binding and internalisation of these proteins in neurons and open the possibility to use them as tools for the functional characterisation of the intracellular transport of clostridial neurotoxins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.112.16.2715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T17:17:36Z","timestamp":1619371056000},"page":"2715-2724","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["Functional characterisation of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins binding domains"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Lalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Molecular Neuropathobiology, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44 Lincoln\u2019s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judit","family":"Herreros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Molecular Neuropathobiology, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44 Lincoln\u2019s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shona L.","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Molecular Neuropathobiology, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44 Lincoln\u2019s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Montecucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Padova 2 Centro CNR Biomembrane and Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche , , via Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ornella","family":"Rossetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Padova 2 Centro CNR Biomembrane and Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche , , via Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giampietro","family":"Schiavo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Molecular Neuropathobiology, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44 Lincoln\u2019s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024011300115912300_JOCES_112_16_2715C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.6.2225-2232.1997","article-title":"Expression of botulinum toxin binding sites in Xenopus oocytes","volume":"65","author":"Bakry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. 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